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Arkansas is the 29th largest by area and the 33rd most populous of the 50 United States. The capital and most populous city is Little Rock, located in the central portion of the state, a hub for transportation, business, culture, and government.<\/p>\n
Origin of the Name:<\/h2>\n
The name Arkansas was initially applied to the Arkansas River<\/a> and derives from a French term, Arcansas, the plural term for Quapaws<\/a>, a Dhegiha<\/a> Siouan-speaking Native American people who settled in Arkansas around the 13th century. \u00a0This comes from an Algonquian<\/a> term, for the Quapaws, and is likely also the root term for Kansas.<\/p>\n The name has been pronounced and spelled in a variety of fashions.\u00a0 In 1881, the pronunciation of Arkansas with the final “s” being silent was made official by an act of the state legislature after a dispute arose between Arkansas’s two U.S. senators as one favored the pronunciation as AR-k\u0259n-saw while the other favored ar-KAN-z\u0259s.<\/p>\n In 2007, the state legislature passed a non-binding resolution declaring that the possessive form of the state’s name is Arkansas’s, which has been followed increasingly by the state government.<\/p>\n Arkansas borders Louisiana to the south, Texas to the southwest, Oklahoma to the west, Missouri to the north, and Tennessee and Mississippi to the east.\u00a0 The Mississippi River forms most of Arkansas’s eastern border, except in Clay and Greene, counties where the St. Francis River<\/a> forms the western boundary of the Missouri Bootheel<\/a>, and in many places where the channel of the Mississippi has meandered (or been straightened by man) from its original 1836 course.<\/p>\n Arkansas can generally be split into two halves, the highlands in the northwest half and the lowlands of the southeastern half.\u00a0 The highlands are part of the Southern Interior Highlands, including The Ozarks and the Ouachita Mountains.<\/p>\n The southern lowlands include the Gulf Coastal Plain and the Arkansas Delta.<\/p>\n The southeastern part of Arkansas along the Mississippi Alluvial Plain is sometimes called the Arkansas Delta.<\/p>\n This region is a flat landscape of rich alluvial soils formed by repeated flooding of the adjacent Mississippi. \u00a0Farther away from the river, in the southeast portion of the state, the Grand Prairie consists of a more undulating landscape. \u00a0Both are fertile agricultural areas. \u00a0The Delta region is bisected by a geological formation known as Crowley’s Ridge. \u00a0A narrow band of rolling hills, Crowley’s Ridge<\/a> rises from 250 to 500 feet above the surrounding alluvial plain.<\/p>\n Northwest Arkansas is part of the Ozark Plateau including the Ozark Mountains, to the south are the Ouachita Mountains, and these regions are divided by the Arkansas River.\u00a0 These mountain ranges are part of the U.S. Interior Highlands region, the only major mountainous region between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains.\u00a0 The highest point in the state is Mount Magazine<\/a> in the Ouachita Mountains, which rises to 2,753 feet above sea level.<\/p>\n Arkansas has many rivers, lakes, and reservoirs within or along its borders. \u00a0Major tributaries of the Mississippi River include the Arkansas River, the White River<\/a>, and the St. Francis River.<\/p>\n Dominant species in Arkansas’s forests include Quercus<\/em> (oak)<\/a>, Carya<\/em> (hickory)<\/a>, Pinus echinata<\/em> (shortleaf pine)<\/a> and Pinus taeda<\/em> (loblolly pine)<\/a>.<\/p>\n Before European settlement of North America, Arkansas was inhabited by indigenous peoples for thousands of years. \u00a0The Caddo<\/a>, Osage<\/a>, and Quapaw<\/a> peoples encountered European explorers. The first of these Europeans was Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto<\/a> in 1541, who crossed the Mississippi and marched across central Arkansas and the Ozark Mountains. \u00a0After finding nothing he considered of value and encountering native resistance the entire way, he and his men returned to the Mississippi River where de Soto fell ill.\u00a0 He died the following day in what is believed to be the vicinity of modern-day McArthur, Arkansas in May 1542. \u00a0His body was weighted down with sand and he was consigned to a watery grave in the Mississippi River under cover of darkness by his men.<\/p>\n Later explorers included the French Jacques Marquette<\/a> and Louis Jolliet<\/a> in 1673, and Frenchmen Robert La Salle and Henri de Tonti<\/a> in 1681.\u00a0 Tonti established Arkansas Post<\/a> at a Quapaw village in 1686, making it the first European settlement in the territory.<\/p>\n Settlers, such as fur trappers, moved to Arkansas in the early 18th century. \u00a0These people used Arkansas Post as a home base and entrep\u00f4t.\u00a0 During the colonial period, Arkansas changed hands between France and Spain following the Seven Years’ War<\/a>, although neither showed interest in the remote settlement of Arkansas Post.\u00a0 In April 1783, Arkansas saw its only battle of the American Revolutionary War, a brief siege of the post by British Captain James Colbert<\/a> with the assistance of the Choctaw<\/a> and Chickasaw<\/a>.<\/p>\n Napoleon Bonaparte sold French Louisiana to the United States in 1803, including all of Arkansas, in a transaction known today as the Louisiana Purchase<\/a>.<\/p>\n French soldiers remained as a garrison at Arkansas Post. \u00a0Following the purchase, the balanced give-and-take relationship between settlers and Native Americans began to change all along the frontier, including in Arkansas.\u00a0 Following a controversy over allowing slavery in the territory, the Territory of Arkansas<\/a> was organized on July 4, 1819.\u00a0 Gradual emancipation in Arkansas was struck down by one vote, the Speaker of the House Henry Clay<\/a>, allowing Arkansas to organize as a slave territory.<\/p>\n As European Americans settled throughout the East Coast and into the Midwest, in the 1830s the United States government forced the removal of many Native American tribes to Arkansas and Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River.<\/a><\/p>\n Additional Native American removals began in earnest during the territorial period, with final Quapaw removal complete by 1833 as they were pushed into Indian Territory.\u00a0 The capital was relocated from Arkansas Post to Little Rock<\/a> in 1821, during the territorial period.<\/p>\n When Arkansas applied for statehood, the slavery issue was again raised in Washington, D.C.. \u00a0Congress eventually approved the Arkansas Constitution after a 25-hour session, admitting Arkansas on June 15, 1836 as the 25th state and the 13th slave state, having a population of about 60,000.<\/p>\n Plantation agriculture set the state and region behind the nation for decades.\u00a0 The wealth developed among planters of southeast Arkansas caused a political rift to form between the northwest and southeast.<\/p>\n Many politicians were elected to office from the Family, the Southern rights political force in antebellum Arkansas. \u00a0Residents generally wanted to avoid a civil war. \u00a0When the Gulf states seceded in early 1861, Arkansas voted to remain in the Union.\u00a0 Arkansas did not secede until Abraham Lincoln demanded Arkansas troops be sent to Fort Sumter<\/a> to quell the rebellion there. \u00a0On May 6, a state convention voted to terminate Arkansas’s membership in the Union and join the Confederate States of America.<\/p>\n Arkansas held a very important position for the Confederacy, maintaining control of the Mississippi River and surrounding Southern states. \u00a0The bloody Battle of Wilson’s Creek<\/a> just across the border in Missouri shocked many Arkansans who thought the war would be a quick and decisive Southern victory. \u00a0Battles early in the war took place in northwest Arkansas, including the Battle of Cane Hill<\/a>, Battle of Pea Ridge<\/a>, and Battle of Prairie Grove<\/a>.<\/p>\n Union General Samuel Curtis<\/a> swept across the state to Helena in the Delta in 1862. \u00a0Little Rock was captured the following year. \u00a0The government shifted the state Confederate capital to Hot Springs<\/a>, and then again to Washington from 1863\u20131865, for the remainder of the war. Throughout the state, guerrilla warfare ravaged the countryside and destroyed cities.\u00a0 Passion for the Confederate cause waned after implementation of programs such as the draft, high taxes, and martial law.<\/p>\n In 1874, the Brooks-Baxter War<\/a>, a political struggle between factions of the Republican Party shook Little Rock and the state governorship. It was settled only when President Ulysses S. Grant<\/a> ordered Joseph Brooks<\/a> to disperse his militant supporters.<\/p>\n After Reconstruction<\/a>, the state began to receive more immigrants and migrants. \u00a0Chinese, Italian, and Syrian men were recruited for farm labor in the developing Delta region. \u00a0None of these nationalities stayed long at farm labor.<\/p>\n Some early 20th-century immigration included people from Eastern Europe. \u00a0Together, these immigrants made the Delta more diverse than the rest of the state. \u00a0In the same years, some black migrants moved into the area because of opportunities to develop the bottomlands and own their own property.<\/p>\n Construction of railroads enabled more farmers to get their products to market. \u00a0It also brought new development into different parts of the state, including the Ozarks, where some areas were developed as resorts. \u00a0In a few years at the end of the 19th century, for instance, Eureka Springs<\/a> in Carroll County grew to 10,000 people, rapidly becoming a tourist destination and the fourth-largest city of the state. It featured newly constructed, elegant resort hotels and spas planned around its natural springs, considered to have healthful properties. \u00a0The town’s attractions included horse racing and other entertainment. It appealed to a wide variety of classes, becoming almost as popular as Hot Springs.<\/p>\n Between 1905 and 1911, Arkansas began to receive a small immigration of German, Slovak, and Scots-Irish from Europe. \u00a0The German and Slovak peoples settled in the eastern part of the state known as the Prairie, and the Irish founded small communities in the southeast part of the state.<\/p>\n Based on the order of President Franklin D. Roosevelt given shortly after Imperial Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor, nearly 16,000 Japanese Americans were forcibly removed from the West Coast of the United States<\/a> and incarcerated in two internment camp located in the Arkansas Delta.\u00a0 The Rohwer Camp<\/a> in Desha County operated from September 1942 to November 1945 and at its peak interned 8,475 prisoners.\u00a0 The Jerome War Relocation Center<\/a> in Drew County operated from October 1942 to June 1944 and held c. 8,000 prisoners.<\/p>\n After the Supreme Court’s decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas<\/a> in 1954 that segregation in public schools was unconstitutional, some students worked to integrate schools in the state. \u00a0The Little Rock Nine<\/a> brought Arkansas to national attention in 1957 when the Federal government had to intervene to protect African-American students trying to integrate a high school in the Arkansas capital.<\/p>\n Governor Orval Faubus<\/a> had ordered the Arkansas National Guard<\/a> to aid segregationists in preventing nine African-American students from enrolling at Little Rock’s Central High School<\/a>. \u00a0After attempting three times to contact Faubus, President Dwight D. Eisenhower<\/a> sent 1000 troops from the active-duty 101st Airborne Division<\/a> to escort and protect the African-American students as they entered school on September 25, 1957. \u00a0In defiance of federal court orders to integrate, the governor and city of Little Rock decided to close the high schools for the remainder of the school year. By the fall of 1959, the Little Rock high schools were completely integrated.<\/p>\n Once a state with a cashless society in the uplands and plantation agriculture in the lowlands, Arkansas’s economy has evolved and diversified. \u00a0Six Fortune 500<\/a> companies are based in Arkansas, including retailer Walmart<\/a>, Tyson Foods<\/a>, J.B. Hunt<\/a>, Dillard’s<\/a>, Murphy USA<\/a>, and Windstream<\/a> are headquartered in the state.<\/p>\n The state’s agriculture outputs are poultry and eggs, soybeans, sorghum, cattle, cotton, rice, hogs, and milk. \u00a0Its industrial outputs are food processing, electric equipment, fabricated metal products, machinery, and paper products. \u00a0Mines in Arkansas produce natural gas, oil, crushed stone, bromine<\/a>, and vanadium<\/a>.<\/p>\n Today only approximately 3% of the population is employed in the agricultural sector, it remains a major part of the state’s economy, ranking 13th in the nation in the value of products sold.\u00a0 The state is the U.S.’s largest producer of rice, broilers, and turkeys, and ranks in the top three for cotton, pullets, and aquaculture (catfish).\u00a0 Forestry remains strong in the Arkansas Timberlands, and the state ranks fourth nationally and first in the South in softwood lumber production.\u00a0 Automobile parts manufacturers have opened factories in eastern Arkansas to support auto plants in other states.<\/p>\n Tourism is also very important to the Arkansas economy. \u00a0The state maintains 52 state parks and the National Park Service<\/a> maintains seven properties in Arkansas.<\/p>\n The completion of the William Jefferson Clinton Presidential Library<\/a> in Little Rock has drawn many visitors to the city and revitalized the nearby River Market District<\/a>. \u00a0Many cities also hold festivals, which draw tourists to Arkansas culture, such as The Bradley County Pink Tomato Festival<\/a> in Warren, King Biscuit Blues Festival<\/a>, Ozark Folk Festival<\/a>, Toad Suck Daze<\/a>, and Tontitown Grape Festival.<\/a><\/p>\n Several main corridors pass through Little Rock, including Interstate 30<\/a> (I-30) and I-40<\/a>.\u00a0 In northeast Arkansas, I-55<\/a> travels north from Memphis to Missouri, with a new spur to Jonesboro<\/a>.\u00a0 Northwest Arkansas is served by I-540<\/a> from Fort Smith to Bella Vista, which is a segment of future I-49<\/a>.<\/p>\n The Texas Eagle<\/a>, an Amtrak passenger train, serves five stations in the state Walnut Ridge, Little Rock, Malvern, Arkadelphia, and Texarkana.<\/p>\n Arkansas also benefits from the use of its rivers for commerce. \u00a0The Mississippi River and Arkansas River are both major rivers. \u00a0The United States Army Corps of Engineers maintains the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas River Navigation System<\/a>, allowing barge traffic up the Arkansas River to the Port of Catoosa<\/a> in Tulsa<\/a>, Oklahoma<\/a>.<\/p>\n There are four airports with commercial service: Clinton National Airport<\/a>, Northwest Arkansas Regional Airport<\/a>, Fort Smith Regional Airport<\/a>, and Texarkana Regional Airport<\/a>.<\/p>\n The flag of Arkansas, also known as the Arkansas flag, consists of a red field charged with a large blue-bordered white lozenge. \u00a0Twenty-nine five-pointed stars appear on the flag: twenty-five small white stars within the blue border, and four larger blue stars in the white diamond. \u00a0The inscription “ARKANSAS” appears in blue within the white lozenge, with one star above and three stars below. \u00a0The star above and the two outer stars below point upwards; the inner star below points downwards. \u00a0The flag was designed by Willie Hocker of Jefferson County<\/a>, a member of the Pine Bluff<\/a> Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR)<\/a>.<\/p>\n Around 1912, the Pine Bluff Chapter of the DAR wished to present a state flag for the commissioning of the battleship USS Arkansas<\/a>. \u00a0When it was discovered that Arkansas did not have a state flag, the DAR chapter decided to sponsor a contest to design a flag. \u00a0Hocker, a member of the Pine Bluff DAR chapter, won with a design that is similar to the current flag. \u00a0She designed the flag with three blue stars in the middle of the white diamond and omitted “ARKANSAS”. \u00a0At the request of the flag committee, chaired by Secretary of State Earle Hodges<\/a>, Hocker added “ARKANSAS” and rearranged the stars to one on top and two on bottom. This flag was adopted by the legislature on February 26, 1913.<\/p>\n In 1923, the legislature added a fourth star, representing the Confederate States of America. \u00a0This fourth star was originally placed so that there were two stars above the state name and two below; this was to include the Confederacy alongside Spain, France, and the United States. \u00a0Since this disturbed the other two meanings of the original three stars, the legislature corrected this in 1924 by placing the Confederate star above “ARKANSAS” and the original three stars below it, as it is today. \u00a0The 1924 design was confirmed as law in 1987 by Act 116<\/a>, signed by Bill Clinton<\/a>.<\/p>\n The flag’s elements have a complex symbolism. \u00a0According to the 1987 state law defining the flag, the diamond represents Arkansas’ status as “the only diamond-bearing state in the Union.\u00a0 This status is no longer valid following recent discoveries in Colorado<\/a> and Montana<\/a>.\u00a0 The number, 25, of white stars around the border of the diamond represents Arkansas’ position as the 25th state to join the union.\u00a0 The blue star above “ARKANSAS” represents the Confederate States of America, which Arkansas joined in secession. \u00a0The design of the border around the white diamond evokes the saltire found on the Confederate battle flag.<\/p>\n The three stars below “ARKANSAS” have three separate meanings:<\/p>\n The nickname for Arkansas is The Natural State. \u00a0This nickname was created for the purpose of tourism marketing in the 1970s and it still in use today.\u00a0 Arkansas is famous for its natural scenic beauty, clear lakes and streams, and abundant wildlife. \u00a0Arkansas has 52 state parks, three national forests, five national parks, and the nation’s first National River, the Buffalo National River, which meanders through the heart of the Ozarks, is America’s first federally protected stream.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" The flag’s elements have a complex symbolism. According to the 1987 state law defining the flag, the diamond represents Arkansas’ status as “the only diamond-bearing state in the Union. This status is no longer valid following recent discoveries in Colorado and Montana. The number, 25, of white stars around the border of the diamond represents Arkansas’ position as the 25th state to join the union. The blue star above “ARKANSAS” represents the Confederate States of America, which Arkansas joined in secession. The design of the border around the white diamond evokes the saltire found on the Confederate battle flag.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1104,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[5,6,7,41,43,40,42],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1083"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1083"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1083\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1104"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1083"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1083"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1083"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Geography:<\/h2>\n
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History:<\/h2>\n
Early Arkansas:<\/h3>\n
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Purchase by the United States:<\/h3>\n
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Statehood:<\/h3>\n
Civil War and Reconstruction:<\/h3>\n
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End of the Reconstruction:<\/h3>\n
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Fall of Segregation:<\/h3>\n
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Economy:<\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2018\/11\/Bromine-300x175.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2018\/11\/Ozarks-Buffalo-River-300x141.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
Transportation:<\/h2>\n
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![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2018\/11\/Clinton-National-Airport-300x169.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
Flag of Arkansas:<\/h2>\n
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State Nickname:<\/h2>\n