{"id":1105,"date":"2018-11-19T04:00:18","date_gmt":"2018-11-19T04:00:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/?p=1105"},"modified":"2018-08-31T20:27:35","modified_gmt":"2018-08-31T20:27:35","slug":"michigan-great-lakes-state","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/michigan-great-lakes-state\/","title":{"rendered":"Michigan – Great Lakes State"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction:<\/h2>\n

Michigan is a state in the Great Lakes and Midwestern regions of the United States.<\/p>\n

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Michigan in the United States<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The state’s name, Michigan, originates from the Ojibwe<\/a> word mishigamaa, meaning “large water” or “large lake”.\u00a0 Michigan is the tenth most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area, and is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River.\u00a0 Michigan has a population of about 10 million. \u00a0Its capital is Lansing<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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State Capitol in Lansing<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Metro Detroit<\/a> is among the nation’s most populous and largest metropolitan economies.<\/p>\n

Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. \u00a0The Lower Peninsula<\/a>, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is often noted as shaped like a mitten. \u00a0The Upper Peninsula<\/a>, often called “the U.P., is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac<\/a>, a five-mile channel that joins Lake Huron<\/a> to Lake Michigan<\/a>. \u00a0The Mackinac Bridge<\/a> connects the peninsulas.<\/p>\n

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Mackinac Bridge<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, plus Lake Saint Clair<\/a>.\u00a0 As a result, it is one of the leading U.S. states for recreational boating.\u00a0 Michigan also has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds.\u00a0 A person in the state is never more than six miles from a natural water source or more than 85 miles from a Great Lakes shoreline.<\/p>\n

History:<\/h2>\n

Pre-European Contact:<\/h3>\n

When the first European explorers arrived, the most populous tribes were Algonquian peoples<\/a>, which include the Anishinaabe<\/a> groups of Ojibwe (referred to as “Chippewa” in the United States), Odaawaa\/Odawa (Ottawa)<\/a>, and the Boodewaadamii\/Bod\u00e9wadmi (Potawatomi)<\/a>. \u00a0The three nations co-existed peacefully as part of a loose confederation called the Council of Three Fires<\/a>. \u00a0The Ojibwe, whose numbers are estimated to have been between 25,000 and 35,000, were the largest.<\/p>\n

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Ojibwe<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The Ojibwe were established in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula and northern and central Michigan, and also inhabited Ontario<\/a> and southern Manitoba<\/a>, Canada; and northern Wisconsin<\/a>, and northern and north-central Minnesota<\/a>. \u00a0The Ottawa lived primarily south of the Straits of Mackinac in northern, western and southern Michigan, but also in southern Ontario, northern Ohio<\/a> and eastern Wisconsin. \u00a0The Potawatomi were in southern and western Michigan, in addition to northern and central Indiana<\/a>, northern Illinois<\/a>, southern Wisconsin, and southern Ontario. \u00a0Other Algonquian tribes in Michigan, in the south and east, were the Mascouten<\/a>, the Menominee<\/a>, the Miami<\/a>, the Sac (or Sauk)<\/a>, and the Fox<\/a>. \u00a0The Wyandot<\/a> were an Iroquoian-speaking people<\/a> in this area; they were historically known as the Huron<\/a> by the French.<\/p>\n

17th century:<\/h3>\n

French voyageurs and coureurs des bois<\/a> explored and settled in Michigan in the 17th century. \u00a0The first Europeans to reach what became Michigan were those of \u00c9tienne Br\u00fbl\u00e9<\/a>‘s expedition in 1622. \u00a0The first permanent European settlement was founded in 1668 on the site where P\u00e8re Jacques Marquette<\/a> established Sault Ste. Marie<\/a>, Michigan as a base for Catholic missions.<\/p>\n

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Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Missionaries in 1671\u201375 founded outlying stations at Saint Ignace<\/a> and Marquette<\/a>. \u00a0Jesuit missionaries were well received by the area’s Indian populations, with few difficulties or hostilities. \u00a0In 1679, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle<\/a> built Fort Miami<\/a> at present-day St. Joseph<\/a>. \u00a0In 1691, the French established a trading post and Fort St. Joseph<\/a> along the St. Joseph River<\/a> at the present-day city of Niles<\/a>.<\/p>\n

18th century:<\/h3>\n

In 1701, French explorer and army officer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac<\/a> founded Fort Pontchartrain du D\u00e9troit<\/a> or “Fort Pontchartrain on-the-Strait” on the strait, known as the Detroit River<\/a>, between lakes Saint Clair and Erie<\/a>. Cadillac had convinced King Louis XIV<\/a>‘s chief minister, Louis Ph\u00e9lypeaux, Comte de Pontchartrain<\/a>, that a permanent community there would strengthen French control over the upper Great Lakes and discourage British aspirations.<\/p>\n

French attempts to consolidate the fur trade led to the Fox Wars<\/a> involving the Meskwaki (Fox) and their allies versus the French and their Native allies.<\/p>\n

At the same time, the French strengthened Fort Michilimackinac<\/a> at the Straits of Mackinac to better control their lucrative fur-trading empire. \u00a0By the mid-18th century, the French also occupied forts at present-day Niles and Sault Ste. Marie, though most of the rest of the region remained unsettled by Europeans. \u00a0France offered free land to attract families to Detroit, which grew to 800 people in 1765, and was the largest city between Montreal<\/a> and New Orleans<\/a>.\u00a0 French settlers also established small farms south of the Detroit River opposite the fort, near a Jesuit mission and Huron village.<\/p>\n

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Michigan 1718<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

From 1660 until the end of French rule, Michigan was part of the Royal Province of New France<\/a>.\u00a0 In 1760, Montreal fell to the British forces ending the French and Indian War<\/a> (1754\u20131763). \u00a0Under the 1763 Treaty of Paris<\/a>, Michigan and the rest of New France east of the Mississippi River passed to Great Britain.\u00a0 After the Quebec Act<\/a> was passed in 1774, Michigan became part of the British Province of Quebec.<\/a><\/p>\n

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Province of Quebec in 1774<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

During the American Revolutionary War, Detroit was an important British supply center. \u00a0Most of the inhabitants were French-Canadians or Native Americans, many of whom had been allied with the French because of long trading ties. \u00a0Because of imprecise cartography and unclear language defining the boundaries in the 1783 Treaty of Paris, the British retained control of Detroit and Michigan after the American Revolution. \u00a0When Quebec split into Lower and Upper Canada<\/a> in 1791, Michigan was part of Kent County, Upper Canada.<\/p>\n

Under terms negotiated in the 1794 Jay Treaty<\/a>, Britain withdrew from Detroit and Michilimackinac in 1796. \u00a0It retained control of territory east and south of the Detroit River, which are now included in Ontario, Canada. \u00a0Questions remained over the boundary for many years, and the United States did not have uncontested control of the Upper Peninsula and Drummond Island<\/a> until 1818 and 1847, respectively.<\/p>\n

19th century:<\/h3>\n

During the War of 1812, the United States forces at Fort Detroit surrendered Michigan Territory<\/a>, effectively consisting of Detroit and the surrounding area, after a nearly bloodless siege in 1812. \u00a0A US attempt to retake Detroit resulted in a severe American defeat in the River Raisin Massacre<\/a>. \u00a0This battle, still ranked as the bloodiest ever fought in the state, had the highest number of American casualties of any battle in the war.<\/p>\n

Michigan was recaptured by Americans in 1813 after the Battle of Lake Erie<\/a>. \u00a0They used Michigan as a base to launch an invasion of Canada, which culminated in the Battle of the Thames<\/a>. \u00a0But the more northern areas of Michigan were held by the British until the peace treaty restored the old boundaries. A number of forts, including Fort Wayne<\/a>, were built by the United States in Michigan during the 19th century out of fears of renewed fighting with Britain.<\/p>\n

The population grew slowly until the opening in 1825 of the Erie Canal<\/a> through the Mohawk Valley in New York<\/a>, connecting the Great Lakes to the Hudson River<\/a> and New York City.<\/p>\n

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Erie Canal Map<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The new route attracted a large influx of settlers to the Michigan territory. \u00a0They worked as farmers, lumbermen, shipbuilders, and merchants and shipped out grain, lumber, and iron ore. \u00a0By the 1830s, Michigan had 80,000 residents, more than enough to apply and qualify for statehood.<\/p>\n

A Constitutional Convention of Assent, led by Gershom Mott Williams<\/a>, was held to lead the territory to statehood.\u00a0 In October 1835 the people approved the Constitution of 1835, thereby forming a state government, although Congressional recognition was delayed pending resolution of a boundary dispute with Ohio known as the Toledo War<\/a>. \u00a0Congress awarded the “Toledo Strip” to Ohio. \u00a0Michigan received the western part of the Upper Peninsula as a concession and formally entered the Union as a free state on January 26, 1837. \u00a0The Upper Peninsula proved to be a rich source of lumber, iron, and copper.<\/p>\n

20th and 21st Centuries:<\/h3>\n

Michigan’s economy underwent a transformation at the turn of the 20th century. \u00a0Many individuals, including Ransom E. Olds<\/a>, John and Horace Dodge<\/a>, Henry Leland<\/a>, David Dunbar Buick<\/a>, Henry Joy<\/a>, Charles King<\/a>, and Henry Ford<\/a>, provided the concentration of engineering know-how and technological enthusiasm to develop the automotive industry.\u00a0 Ford’s development of the moving assembly line<\/a> in Highland Park<\/a> marked a new era in transportation.<\/p>\n

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Henry Ford Assembly Line<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Like the steamship and railroad, mass production of automobiles was a far-reaching development. \u00a0More than the forms of public transportation, the affordable automobile transformed private life. \u00a0Automobile production became the major industry of Detroit and Michigan, and permanently altered the socio-economic life of the United States and much of the world.<\/p>\n

Grand Rapids<\/a>, the second-largest city in Michigan, is also an important center of manufacturing. \u00a0Since 1838, the city has been noted for its furniture industry. \u00a0In the 21st century, it is home to five of the world’s leading office furniture companies. \u00a0Grand Rapids is home to a number of major companies including Steelcase<\/a>, Amway<\/a>, and Meijer<\/a>. Grand Rapids is also an important center for GE Aviation Systems<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Geography:<\/h2>\n

Michigan consists of two peninsulas that are separated by the Straits of Mackinac. \u00a0The 45th parallel north runs through the state\u2014marked by highway signs and the Polar-Equator Trail<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The Great Lakes that border Michigan from east to west are Lake Erie, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan and Lake Superior.\u00a0 The state is bounded on the south by the states of Ohio and Indiana, sharing land and water boundaries with both. \u00a0Michigan’s western boundaries are almost entirely water boundaries, from south to north, with Illinois and Wisconsin in Lake Michigan; then a land boundary with Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula, that is principally demarcated by the Menominee<\/a> and Montreal River<\/a>s; then water boundaries again, in Lake Superior, with Wisconsin and Minnesota to the west, capped around by the Canadian province of Ontario to the north and east.<\/p>\n

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Michigan Map<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The heavily forested Upper Peninsula is relatively mountainous in the west. \u00a0The Porcupine Mountains<\/a>, which are part of one of the oldest mountain chains in the world, rise to an altitude of almost 2,000 feet above sea level.\u00a0 The state’s highest point, in the Huron Mountains<\/a> northwest of Marquette, is Mount Arvon<\/a> at 1,979 feet. \u00a0The peninsula is as large as Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island combined but has fewer than 330,000 inhabitants.<\/p>\n

The Lower Peninsula is shaped like a mitten.\u00a0 It is 277 miles long from north to south and 195 miles from east to west and occupies nearly two-thirds of the state’s land area. \u00a0The surface of the peninsula is generally level, broken by conical hills and glacial moraines usually not more than a few hundred feet tall.\u00a0 The highest point in the Lower Peninsula is either Briar Hill<\/a> at 1,705 feet.\u00a0 The lowest point is the surface of Lake Erie at 571 feet.<\/p>\n

The geographic isolation of the Upper Peninsula from Michigan’s political and population centers makes the U.P. culturally and economically distinct. \u00a0Occasionally U.P. residents have called for secession from Michigan and establishment as a new state to be called “Superior”.<\/p>\n

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Tahquamenon Falls in the Upper Peninsula<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

A feature of Michigan that gives it the distinct shape of a mitten is the Thumb. \u00a0This peninsula projects out into Lake Huron and the Saginaw Bay<\/a>. \u00a0The geography of the Thumb is mainly flat with a few rolling hills. \u00a0Other peninsulas of Michigan include the Keweenaw Peninsula<\/a>, making up the Copper Country region of the state. \u00a0The Leelanau Peninsula<\/a> lies in the Northern Lower Michigan region.<\/p>\n

Numerous lakes and marshes mark both peninsulas, and the coast is much indented.\u00a0 Michigan has the second longest shoreline of any state\u20143,288 miles including 1,056 miles of island shoreline.<\/p>\n

The state has numerous large islands, the principal ones being the North Manitou<\/a> and South Manitou<\/a>, Beaver<\/a>, and Fox<\/a> groups in Lake Michigan; Isle Royale<\/a> and Grande Isle<\/a> in Lake Superior; Marquette<\/a>, Bois Blanc<\/a>, and Mackinac<\/a> islands in Lake Huron; and Neebish<\/a>, Sugar<\/a>, and Drummond islands in St. Mary’s River. \u00a0Michigan has about 150 lighthouses, the most of any U.S. state. \u00a0The first lighthouses in Michigan were built between 1818 and 1822. \u00a0They were built to project light at night and to serve as a landmark during the day to safely guide the passenger ships and freighters traveling the Great Lakes.<\/p>\n

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Mackinac Island<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

With 78 state parks, 19 state recreation areas, and 6 state forests, Michigan has the largest state park<\/a> and state forest system<\/a> of any state.<\/p>\n

Economy:<\/h2>\n

Products and services include automobiles, food products, information technology, aerospace, military equipment, furniture, and mining of copper and iron ore. Michigan is the third leading grower of Christmas trees with 60,520 acres of land dedicated to Christmas tree farming.\u00a0 The beverage Vernors<\/a> was invented in Michigan in 1866, sharing the title of oldest soft drink with Hires Root Beer<\/a>. \u00a0Faygo<\/a> was founded in Detroit on November 4, 1907. \u00a0Two of the top four pizza chains were founded in Michigan and are headquartered there: Domino’s Pizza<\/a> by Tom Monaghan<\/a> and Little Caesars Pizza<\/a> by Mike Ilitch<\/a>.<\/p>\n

As of 2002, Michigan ranked fourth in the U.S. in high tech employment with 568,000 high tech workers, which includes 70,000 in the automotive industry.\u00a0 The state is an important source of engineering job opportunities. \u00a0The domestic auto industry accounts directly and indirectly for one of every ten jobs in the U.S.<\/p>\n

Agriculture:<\/h3>\n

Michigan is the leading U.S. producer of tart cherries, blueberries, pickling cucumbers, navy beans and petunias.<\/p>\n

A wide variety of commodity crops, fruits, and vegetables are grown in Michigan, making it second only to California among U.S. states in the diversity of its agriculture.\u00a0 The most valuable agricultural product is milk. \u00a0Leading crops include corn, soybeans, flowers, wheat, sugar beets, and potatoes. \u00a0Livestock in the state included 1 million cattle, 1 million hogs, 78,000 sheep and over 3 million chickens. \u00a0Livestock products accounted for 38% of the value of agricultural products while crops accounted for the majority.<\/p>\n

Michigan is a leading grower of fruit in the U.S., including blueberries, tart cherries, apples, grapes, and peaches.<\/p>\n

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Michigan Cherries<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Plums, pears, and strawberries are also grown in Michigan. \u00a0These fruits are mainly grown in West Michigan due to the moderating effect of Lake Michigan on the climate. \u00a0There is also significant fruit production, especially cherries, but also grapes, apples, and other fruits, in Northwest Michigan along Lake Michigan. \u00a0Michigan produces wines, beers and a multitude of processed food products. Kellogg’s cereal is based in Battle Creek, Michigan<\/a> and processes many locally grown foods. \u00a0Thornapple Valley<\/a>, Ball Park Franks<\/a>, Koegel Meat Company<\/a>, and Hebrew National sausage<\/a> companies are all based in Michigan.<\/p>\n

Michigan is home to very fertile land in the Saginaw Valley<\/a> and “Thumb” area<\/a>s. \u00a0Products grown there include corn, sugar beets, navy beans, and soybeans. \u00a0Alfalfa, cucumbers, and asparagus are also grown.<\/p>\n

Tourism:<\/h3>\n

Michigan’s tourists spend $17.2 billion per year in the state, supporting 193,000 tourism jobs.\u00a0 Destinations draw vacationers, hunters, and nature enthusiasts from across the United States and Canada. \u00a0Michigan is fifty percent forest land, much of it quite remote. \u00a0The forests, lakes and thousands of miles of beaches are top attractions. \u00a0Event tourism draws large numbers to occasions like the Tulip Time Festival<\/a> and the National Cherry Festival<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Tourism in metropolitan Detroit draws visitors to leading attractions, especially The Henry Ford<\/a>, the Detroit Institute of Arts<\/a>, the Detroit Zoo<\/a>, and to sports in Detroit. \u00a0The metro area offers four major casinos, MGM Grand Detroit<\/a>, Greektown<\/a>, Motor City<\/a>, and Caesars Windsor<\/a> in Windsor, Ontario, Canada.<\/p>\n

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Detroit<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Hunting and fishing are significant industries in the state. \u00a0Charter boats are based in many Great Lakes cities to fish for salmon, trout, walleye, and perch.<\/p>\n

Michigan’s Department of Natural Resources manages the largest dedicated state forest system in the nation. \u00a0The forest products industry and recreational users contribute $12 billion and 200,000 associated jobs annually to the state’s economy. \u00a0Public hiking and hunting access has also been secured in extensive commercial forests. \u00a0The state has the highest number of golf courses and registered snowmobiles in the nation.<\/p>\n

The Great Lakes Circle Tour<\/a> is a designated scenic road system connecting all of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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Sleeping Bear Dune<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

With its position in relation to the Great Lakes and the countless ships that have foundered over the many years they have been used as a transport route for people and bulk cargo, Michigan is a world-class scuba diving destination. \u00a0The Michigan Underwater Preserves<\/a> are 11 underwater areas where wrecks are protected for the benefit of sport divers.<\/p>\n

Transportation:<\/h2>\n

Michigan has nine international road crossings with Ontario, Canada:<\/p>\n