{"id":1351,"date":"2018-12-22T04:00:17","date_gmt":"2018-12-22T04:00:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/?p=1351"},"modified":"2018-09-26T00:55:52","modified_gmt":"2018-09-26T00:55:52","slug":"oregon","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/oregon\/","title":{"rendered":"Oregon – The Beaver State"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction:<\/h2>\n

Oregon is a state in the Pacific Northwest region on the West Coast of the United States.<\/p>\n

\"Oregon
Oregon in the United States<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The Columbia River delineates much of Oregon’s northern boundary along Washington<\/a> state, while the Snake River<\/a> delineates much of its eastern boundary along Idaho<\/a>. \u00a0The parallel 42\u00b0 north delineates the southern boundary with California<\/a> and Nevada<\/a>. \u00a0Oregon is one of only three states of the contiguous United States to have a coastline on the Pacific Ocean<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Origins of the Name:<\/h2>\n

The earliest evidence of the name Oregon has Spanish origins. \u00a0The term “orej\u00f3n” comes from the historical chronicle Relaci\u00f3n de la Alta y Baja California (1598)<\/a> written by the new Spaniard Rodrigo Motezuma and made reference to the Columbia River when the Spanish explorers penetrated into the actual North American territory that became part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain<\/a>. \u00a0This chronicle is the first topographical and linguistic source with respect to the place name Oregon. \u00a0There are also two other sources with Spanish origins, such as the name Oregano<\/a>, which grows in the southern part of the region. \u00a0It is most probable that the American territory was named by the Spaniards.<\/p>\n

Another early use of the name, spelled Ouragon, was in a 1765 petition by Major Robert Rogers<\/a> to the Kingdom of Great Britain<\/a>. \u00a0The term referred to the then-mythical River of the West, although the term itself was the name used by local native peoples to describe what is now known as the Columbia River<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"Columbia
Columbia River<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Yet one more theory is that the name comes from the French word ouragan (“windstorm” or “hurricane”), which was applied to the River of the West based on Native American tales of powerful Chinook winds<\/a> on the lower Columbia River, or perhaps from firsthand French experience with the Chinook winds of the Great Plains. \u00a0At the time, the River of the West was thought to rise in western Minnesota and flow west through the Great Plains.<\/p>\n

There are yet more theories that can be investigated by the truly curious soul.<\/p>\n

Geography:<\/h2>\n

With an area of 98,381 square miles, Oregon is slightly larger than the United Kingdom. \u00a0It is the ninth largest state in the United States.\u00a0 Oregon’s highest point is the summit of Mount Hood<\/a>, at 11,249 feet and its lowest point is the sea level of the Pacific Ocean along the Oregon Coast.\u00a0 Crater Lake National Park<\/a> is the state’s only national park and the site of Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the United States at 1,943 feet.<\/p>\n

\"Crater
Crater Lake<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Oregon is also home to Mill Ends Park in Portland<\/a>, the smallest park in the world at 452 square inches (0.29 m2).<\/p>\n

Oregon is split into eight geographical regions. In Western Oregon: Oregon Coast<\/a> (west of the Coast Range), the Willamette Valley<\/a>, Rogue Valley<\/a>, Cascade Range<\/a> and Klamath Mountains<\/a>; and in Central and Eastern Oregon: the Columbia Plateau<\/a>, the High Desert<\/a>, and the Blue Mountains<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Oregon lies in two time zones. \u00a0Most of Malheur County<\/a> is in the Mountain Time Zone<\/a>, while the rest of the state lies in the Pacific Time Zone<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Geology:<\/h2>\n

Western Oregon’s mountainous regions, home to three of the most prominent mountain peaks of the United States including Mount Hood, were formed by the volcanic activity of the Juan de Fuca Plate<\/a>, a tectonic plate that poses a continued threat of volcanic activity and earthquakes in the region.<\/p>\n

\"Mount
Mount Hood<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The most recent major activity was the 1700 Cascadia earthquake<\/a>. \u00a0Washington’s Mount St. Helens<\/a> erupted in 1980, an event visible from northern Oregon and affecting some areas there.<\/p>\n

The Columbia River, which forms much of Oregon’s northern border, also played a major role in the region’s geological evolution, as well as its economic and cultural development. \u00a0The Columbia is one of North America’s largest rivers, and one of two rivers to cut through the Cascades (the Klamath River<\/a> in southern Oregon is the other). \u00a0About 15,000 years ago, the Columbia repeatedly flooded much of Oregon during the Missoula Floods<\/a>; the modern fertility of the Willamette Valley<\/a> is largely a result of those floods. \u00a0Plentiful salmon made parts of the river, such as Celilo Falls<\/a>, hubs of economic activity for thousands of years.<\/p>\n

\"Celilo
Celilo Falls<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Today, Oregon’s landscape varies from rain forest in the Coast Range<\/a> to barren desert in the southeast, which still meets the technical definition of a frontier. \u00a0Central Oregon’s geographical features range from high desert and volcanic rock formations resulting from lava beds. \u00a0The Oregon Badlands Wilderness<\/a> is in this region of the state.<\/p>\n

History:<\/h2>\n

Humans have inhabited the area that is now Oregon for at least 15,000 years. \u00a0In recorded history, mentions of the land date to as early as the 16th century. \u00a0During the 18th and 19th centuries, European powers \u2013 and later the United States \u2013 quarreled over possession of the region until 1846, when the U.S. and Great Britain finalized division of the region. \u00a0Oregon became a state on February 14, 1859, and as of 2015 is home to over 4 million residents.<\/p>\n

Earliest Inhabitants:<\/h3>\n

While there is considerable evidence that Paleo-Indians<\/a> inhabited the region, the oldest evidence of habitation in Oregon was found at Fort Rock Cave<\/a> and the Paisley Caves<\/a> in Lake County<\/a>. \u00a0Archaeologist Luther Cressman dated material from Fort Rock to 13,200 years ago, and there is evidence supporting inhabitants in the region at least 15,000 years ago.\u00a0 By 8000 BC there were settlements throughout the state, with populations concentrated along the lower Columbia River, in the western valleys, and around coastal estuaries.<\/p>\n

\"Fort
Fort Rock State Natural Area<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

By the 16th century, Oregon was home to many Native American groups, including the Chinook<\/a>, Coquille<\/a> (Ko-Kwell), Bannock<\/a>, Chasta<\/a>, Kalapuya<\/a>, Klamath<\/a>, Klickitat<\/a>, Molalla<\/a>, Nez Perce<\/a>, Takelma<\/a>, Killamuk<\/a>, Neah-kah-nie, Umatilla<\/a>, and Umpqua<\/a>.<\/p>\n

European and Pioneer Settlement:<\/h3>\n

The first Europeans to visit Oregon were Spanish explorers led by Juan Rodr\u00edguez Cabrillo<\/a>, who sighted southern Oregon off the Pacific coast in 1543.\u00a0 Francis Drake<\/a> made his way to Nehalem Bay<\/a> in 1579 and spent five weeks in the middle of summer repairing his ship. \u00a0He claimed the land between 38\u201348 degrees north latitude as a Symbolic Sovereign Act for England.\u00a0 Exploration was retaken routinely in 1774, starting with the expedition of the frigate Santiago by Juan Jos\u00e9 P\u00e9rez Hern\u00e1ndez<\/a> and the coast of Oregon became a valuable trading route to Asia. \u00a0In 1778, British captain James Cook<\/a> also explored the coast.<\/p>\n

\"Juan
Juan Jose Perez Hernandez<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

French Canadian and m\u00e9tis trappers and missionaries arrived in the eastern part of the state in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, many having travelled as members of Lewis and Clark<\/a> and the 1811 Astor expeditions<\/a>. \u00a0Some stayed permanently, including \u00c9tienne Lussier, believed to be the first European farmer in the state of Oregon. \u00a0The evidence of this French Canadian presence can be found in the numerous names of French origin in that part of the state, including Malheur Lake<\/a> and the Malheur River<\/a>, the Grande Ronde<\/a> and Deschutes<\/a> rivers, and the city of La Grande<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The Lewis and Clark Expedition travelled through northern Oregon also in search of the Northwest Passage<\/a>. \u00a0They built their winter fort in 1805\u201306 at Fort Clatsop<\/a>, near the mouth of the Columbia River, staying at the encampment from December until March.<\/p>\n

\"Lewis
Lewis and Clark<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

British explorer David Thompson<\/a> also conducted overland exploration. \u00a0In 1811, while working for the North West Company<\/a>, Thompson became the first European to navigate the entire Columbia River.\u00a0 Stopping on the way, at the junction of the Snake River, he posted a claim to the region for Great Britain and the North West Company. \u00a0Upon returning to Montreal<\/a>, he publicized the abundance of fur-bearing animals in the area.<\/p>\n

Also in 1811, New Yorker John Jacob Astor<\/a> financed the establishment of Fort Astoria<\/a> at the mouth of the Columbia River as a western outpost to his Pacific Fur Company<\/a>; this was the first permanent European settlement in Oregon.<\/p>\n

\"Fort
Fort Astoria<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

In the War of 1812<\/a>, the British gained control of all Pacific Fur Company posts. \u00a0The Treaty of 1818<\/a> established joint British and American occupancy of the region west of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean.<\/p>\n

\"Oregon
Oregon Country 1818 to 1846<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

By the 1820s and 1830s, the Hudson’s Bay Company<\/a> dominated the Pacific Northwest from its Columbia District headquarters at Fort Vancouver<\/a>, across the Columbia River from present day Portland<\/a>.<\/p>\n

In 1841, Sir George Simpson<\/a>, governor of the Hudson’s Bay Company, reversed the Hudson’s Bay Company’s long-standing policy of discouraging settlement because it interfered with the lucrative fur trade.\u00a0 He directed that some 200 Red River Colony<\/a> settlers be relocated to HBC farms near Fort Vancouver, the James Sinclair expedition<\/a>, in an attempt to hold Columbia District.<\/p>\n

Starting in 1842\u201343, the Oregon Trail<\/a> brought many new American settlers to the Oregon Country.<\/p>\n

\"Oregon
Oregon Trail Map<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

For some time, it seemed that Britain and the United States would go to war for a third time in 75 years, but the border was defined peacefully in 1846 by the Oregon Treaty<\/a>. \u00a0The border between the United States and British North America was set at the 49th parallel.\u00a0 The Oregon Territory<\/a> was officially organized on August 13, 1848.<\/p>\n

\"Oregon
Oregon Territory 1848<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Settlement increased with the Donation Land Claim Act of 1850<\/a> and the forced relocation of the native population to Indian reservations in Oregon.<\/p>\n

Statehood:<\/h3>\n

Slavery played a major part in Oregon’s history and even influenced its path to statehood. \u00a0The territory’s request for statehood was delayed several times, as members of Congress argued among themselves whether the territory should be admitted as a “free” or “slave” state. \u00a0Eventually politicians from the south agreed to allow Oregon to enter as a “free” state, in exchange for opening slavery to the southwest United States.<\/p>\n

Oregon was admitted to the Union on February 14, 1859. \u00a0Founded as a refuge from disputes over slavery, Oregon had a “whites only” clause in its original state Constitution.\u00a0 At the outbreak of the American Civil War, regular U.S. troops were withdrawn and sent east. \u00a0Volunteer cavalry recruited in California were sent north to Oregon to keep peace and protect the populace. \u00a0The First Oregon Cavalry served until June 1865.<\/p>\n

Post-Reconstruction:<\/h3>\n

Beginning in the 1880s, the growth of railroads expanded the state’s lumber, wheat, and other agricultural markets, and the rapid growth of its cities.\u00a0 Due to the abundance of timber and waterway access via the Willamette River, Portland became a major force in the lumber industry of the Pacific Northwest, and quickly became the state’s largest city.<\/p>\n

On May 5, 1945, six people were killed by a Japanese bomb that exploded on Gearhart Mountain<\/a> near Bly<\/a>.\u00a0 This is the only fatal attack on the United States mainland committed by a foreign nation since the Mexican\u2013American War<\/a>, making Oregon the only U.S. state that has experienced fatal casualties by a foreign army since 1848, as Hawaii<\/a> was not yet a state when Pearl Harbor<\/a> was attacked in 1941. \u00a0The bombing site is now located in the Mitchell Recreation Area<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Industrial expansion began in earnest following the 1933\u201337 construction of the Bonneville Dam<\/a> on the Columbia River.<\/p>\n

\"Bonneville
Bonneville Dam<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Hydroelectric power, food, and lumber provided by Oregon helped fuel the development of the West, although the periodic fluctuations in the U.S. building industry have hurt the state’s economy on multiple occasions. \u00a0Portland in particular experienced a population boom between 1900 and 1930, tripling in size; the arrival of World War II also provided the northwest region of the state with an industrial boom, where Liberty ships<\/a> and aircraft carriers<\/a> were constructed.<\/p>\n

During the 1970s, the Pacific Northwest was particularly affected by the 1973 oil crisis<\/a>, with Oregon suffering a substantial shortage.<\/p>\n

In 1994, Oregon became the first U.S. state to legalize physician-assisted suicide through the Oregon Death with Dignity Act<\/a>. \u00a0A measure to legalize recreational use of marijuana in Oregon was approved on November 4, 2014, making Oregon only the second state at the time to have legalized gay marriage, physician-assisted suicide, and recreational marijuana.<\/p>\n

Economy:<\/h2>\n

Agriculture:<\/h3>\n

Oregon’s diverse landscapes provide ideal environments for various types of farming. \u00a0Land in the Willamette Valley owes its fertility to the Missoula Floods, which deposited lake sediment from Glacial Lake Missoula in western Montana onto the valley floor.\u00a0 In 2016, the Willamette Valley region produced over 100 million pounds (45 kt) of blueberries<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Oregon is also one of four major world hazelnut<\/a> growing regions, and produces 95% of the domestic hazelnuts in the United States.<\/p>\n

\"Hazelnuts\"
Hazelnuts<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

While the history of the wine production in Oregon can be traced to before Prohibition, it became a significant industry beginning in the 1970s. \u00a0In 2005, Oregon ranked third among U.S. states with 303 wineries.\u00a0 Due to regional similarities in climate and soil, the grapes planted in Oregon are often the same varieties found in the French regions of Alsace<\/a> and Burgundy<\/a>.<\/p>\n

In the southern Oregon coast, commercially cultivated cranberries<\/a> account for about 7 percent of U.S. production, and the cranberry ranks 23rd among Oregon’s top 50 agricultural commodities.\u00a0 Cranberry cultivation in Oregon uses about 27,000 acres in southern Coos<\/a> and northern Curry<\/a> counties, centered around the coastal city of Bandon<\/a>. \u00a0In the northeastern region of the state, particularly around Pendleton, both irrigated and dry land wheat is grown.\u00a0 Oregon farmers and ranchers also produce cattle, sheep, dairy products, eggs and poultry.<\/p>\n

Forestry and Fisheries:<\/h3>\n

Vast forests have historically made Oregon one of the nation’s major timber-producing and logging states, but forest fires, such as the Tillamook Burn<\/a>, over-harvesting, and lawsuits over the proper management of the extensive federal forest holdings have reduced the timber produced.\u00a0 Between 1989 and 2011, the amount of timber harvested from federal lands in Oregon dropped about 90%, although harvest levels on private land have remained relatively constant.<\/p>\n

Even the shift in recent years towards finished goods such as paper and building materials has not slowed the decline of the timber industry in the state. \u00a0Despite these changes, Oregon still leads the United States in softwood lumber production. \u00a0The slowing of the timber and lumber industry has caused high unemployment rates in rural areas.<\/p>\n

Oregon has one of the largest salmon-fishing industries in the world, although ocean fisheries have reduced the river fisheries in recent years.\u00a0 Because of the abundance of waterways in the state, it is also a major producer of hydroelectric energy.<\/p>\n

Tourism and Entertainment:<\/h3>\n

Tourism is also a strong industry in the state. \u00a0Much of this is centered on the state’s natural features; Oregon’s mountains, forests, waterfalls, rivers, beaches and lakes, including Crater Lake National Park, Multnomah Falls<\/a>, the Painted Hills<\/a>, the Deschutes River, and the Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve<\/a>. Mount Hood, and Mount Bachelor<\/a> also draw visitors year round for skiing and snow activities.<\/p>\n

\"Multnomah
Multnomah Falls<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Portland is home to the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry<\/a>, the Portland Art Museum<\/a>, and the Oregon Zoo<\/a>, which is the oldest zoo west of the Mississippi river.\u00a0 The International Rose Test Garden<\/a> is another prominent attraction in the city. \u00a0Portland has also been named the best city in the world for street food by several publications.\u00a0 Oregon is home to many breweries, and Portland has the largest number of breweries of any city in the world.<\/p>\n

The state’s coastal region produces significant tourism as well.\u00a0 The Oregon Coast Aquarium<\/a> comprises 23 acres along Yaquina Bay<\/a> in Newport<\/a>. \u00a0It has been noted as one of the top ten aquariums in North America.\u00a0 Fort Clatsop in Warrenton<\/a> features a replica of Lewis and Clark’s encampment at the mouth of the Columbia River in 1805. \u00a0The Sea Lion Caves<\/a> in Florence<\/a> are the largest system of sea caverns in the United States, and also attract many visitors.<\/p>\n

\"Oregon
Oregon Coast Aquarium<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

In Southern Oregon, the Oregon Shakespeare Festival<\/a>, held in Ashland<\/a>, is also a tourist draw, as is the Oregon Vortex<\/a> and the Wolf Creek Inn State Heritage Site<\/a>, a historic inn where Jack London<\/a> wrote his 1913 novel Valley of the Moon<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"Oregon
Oregon Shakespeare Festival in Ashland<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Oregon has also historically been a popular region for film shoots due to its diverse landscapes, as well as its proximity to Hollywood.\u00a0 Oregon native Matt Groening<\/a>, creator of The Simpsons<\/a>, has incorporated many references from his hometown of Portland into the TV series.\u00a0 The Oregon Film Museum<\/a> is located in the old Clatsop County Jail in Astoria<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Technology:<\/h3>\n

High technology industries located in Silicon Forest<\/a> have been a major employer since the 1970s. \u00a0Tektronix<\/a> was the largest private employer in Oregon until the late 1980s. \u00a0Intel’s<\/a> creation and expansion of several facilities in eastern Washington County<\/a> continued the growth that Tektronix had started. \u00a0Intel, the state’s largest for-profit private employer, operates four large facilities.<\/p>\n

\"Intel\"
Intel<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The spinoffs and startups that were produced by these two companies led to the establishment in that area of the so-called Silicon Forest. \u00a0The recession and dot-com bust of 2001 hit the region hard; many high technology employers reduced the number of their employees or went out of business. \u00a0Oregon is home to several large datacenters that take advantage of cheap power and a climate conducive to reducing cooling costs. \u00a0Google<\/a> operates a large datacenter<\/a> in The Dalles<\/a>, and Facebook<\/a> built a large datacenter near Prineville<\/a> in 2010. \u00a0Amazon<\/a> opened a datacenter near Boardman<\/a> in 2011, and a fulfillment center in Troutdale<\/a> in 2018.<\/p>\n

Corporate Headquarters:<\/h3>\n

The largest public corporations headquartered in Oregon are:<\/p>\n