The state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawai\u2019ian archipelago<\/a>, which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles. \u00a0At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight main islands are\u2014in order from northwest to southeast: Ni\u02bbihau<\/a>, Kaua\u02bbi<\/a>, O\u02bbahu<\/a>, Moloka\u02bbi<\/a>, L\u0101na\u02bbi<\/a>, Kaho\u02bbolawe<\/a>, Maui<\/a>, and the Island of Hawai\u02bbi<\/a>.<\/p>\n The last is the largest island in the group; it is often called the “Big Island” or “Hawai\u02bbi Island” to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago. \u00a0The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania.<\/p>\n Hawai\u2019i’s diverse natural scenery, warm tropical climate, abundance of public beaches, oceanic surroundings, and active volcanoes make it a popular destination for tourists, surfers, biologists, and volcanologists. \u00a0Because of its central location in the Pacific and 19th-century labor migration, Hawai\u2019i’s culture is strongly influenced by North American and East Asian<\/a> cultures, in addition to its indigenous Hawai\u2019ian culture<\/a>. \u00a0Hawai\u2019i has over a million permanent residents, along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel. Its capital is Honolulu<\/a> on the island of O\u02bbahu<\/a>.<\/p>\n The state of Hawai\u2019i derives its name from the name of its largest island, Hawai\u02bbi. \u00a0A common Hawai\u2019ian explanation of the name of Hawai\u02bbi is that was named for Hawai\u2019iloa<\/a>, a legendary figure from Hawai\u2019ian myth. \u00a0He is said to have discovered the islands when they were first settled.<\/p>\n The Hawai\u2019ian language word Hawai\u02bbi is very similar to Proto-Polynesian *Sawaiki, with the reconstructed meaning “homeland”.\u00a0 Cognates of Hawai\u02bbi are found in other Polynesian languages, including M\u0101ori<\/a> (Hawaiki), Rarotongan<\/a> (\u02bbAvaiki) and Samoan<\/a> (Savai\u02bbi) . \u00a0According to linguists Pukui<\/a> and Elbert<\/a>, “[e]lsewhere in Polynesia, Hawai\u02bbi or a cognate is the name of the underworld or of the ancestral home, but in Hawai\u2019i, the name has no meaning”.<\/p>\n A somewhat divisive political issue arose in 1978 when the Constitution of the State of Hawaii added Hawai\u2019ian as a second official state language.\u00a0 The title of the state constitution is The Constitution of the State of Hawaii<\/a>. \u00a0Article XV, Section 1 of the Constitution uses The State of Hawaii.\u00a0 Diacritics were not used because the document, drafted in 1949, predates the use of the \u02bbokina (\u02bb) and the kahak\u014d in modern Hawai\u2019ian orthography<\/a>. \u00a0The exact spelling of the state’s name in the Hawai\u2019ian language is Hawai\u02bbi.\u00a0 In the Hawaii Admission Act<\/a> that granted Hawai\u2019ian statehood, the federal government recognized Hawaii as the official state name. \u00a0Official government publications, department and office titles, and the Seal of Hawaii use the traditional spelling with no symbols for glottal stops or vowel length.\u00a0 In contrast, the National<\/a> and State Parks Services<\/a>, the University of Hawai\u02bbi<\/a> and some private enterprises implement these symbols. \u00a0No precedent for changes to U.S. state names exists since the adoption of the United States Constitution in 1789. \u00a0However, the Constitution of Massachusetts formally changed the Province of Massachusetts Bay to the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1780, and in 1819, the Territory of Arkansaw was created but was later admitted to statehood as the State of Arkansas.<\/p>\n There are eight main Hawai\u2019ian islands, seven of which are permanently inhabited. \u00a0The island of Ni\u02bbihau is privately managed by brothers Bruce and Keith Robinson<\/a>; access is restricted to those who have permission from the island’s owners.<\/p>\n Access to uninhabited Kaho\u02bbolawe island is also restricted.<\/p>\n The Hawai\u2019ian archipelago is located 2,000 miles southwest of the contiguous United States.\u00a0 Hawai\u2019i is the southernmost U.S. state and the second westernmost after Alaska<\/a>. \u00a0Hawai\u2019i, like Alaska, does not border any other U.S. state. \u00a0It is the only U.S. state that is not geographically located in North America, the only state completely surrounded by water and that is entirely an archipelago, and the only state in which coffee is commercially cultivable.<\/p>\n In addition to the eight main islands, the state has many smaller islands and islets. \u00a0Ka\u02bbula<\/a> is a small island near Ni\u02bbihau. \u00a0The Northwest Hawai\u2019ian Islands<\/a> is a group of nine small, older islands to the northwest of Kaua\u02bbi that extend from Nihoa<\/a> to Kure Atoll<\/a>; these are remnants of once much larger volcanic mountains. \u00a0Across the archipelago are around 130 small rocks and islets, such as Molokini<\/a>, which are either volcanic, marine sedimentary or erosional in origin.<\/p>\n Hawai\u2019i’s tallest mountain Mauna Kea<\/a> is 13,796 feet above mean sea level; it is taller than Mount Everest<\/a> if measured from the base of the mountain, which lies on the floor of the Pacific Ocean and rises about 33,500 feet.<\/p>\n The Hawai\u2019ian islands were formed by volcanic activity initiated at an undersea magma source called the Hawai\u2019i hotspot<\/a>. \u00a0The process is continuing to build islands; the tectonic plate beneath much of the Pacific Ocean continually moves northwest and the hot spot remains stationary, slowly creating new volcanoes. \u00a0Because of the hotspot’s location, all currently active land volcanoes are located on the southern half of Hawai\u2019i Island. \u00a0The newest volcano, L\u014d\u02bbihi Seamount<\/a>, is located south of the coast of Hawai\u2019i Island.<\/p>\n The last volcanic eruption outside Hawai\u2019i Island occurred at Haleakal\u0101<\/a> on Maui before the late 18th century, possibly hundreds of years earlier.\u00a0 In 1790, K\u012blauea<\/a> exploded; it was the deadliest eruption known to have occurred in the modern era in what is now the United States.\u00a0 Up to 5,405 warriors and their families marching on K\u012blauea were killed by the eruption.\u00a0 Volcanic activity and subsequent erosion have created impressive geological features.<\/p>\n Hawai\u2019i Island has the second-highest point among the world’s islands.<\/p>\n On the flanks of the volcanoes, slope instability has generated damaging earthquakes and related tsunamis, particularly in 1868 and 1975.\u00a0 Steep cliffs have been created by catastrophic debris avalanches on the submerged flanks of ocean island volcanoes.<\/p>\n The K\u012blauea erupted in May 2018, opening 22 fissure vents on its East Rift Zone. \u00a0The Leilani Estates<\/a> and Lanipuna Gardens<\/a> are situated within this territory. \u00a0The destruction affected at least 36 buildings and this coupled with the lava flows and the sulfur dioxide<\/a> fumes, necessitated the evacuation of more than 2,000 local inhabitants from the neighborhoods.<\/p>\n Hawai\u2019i is one of four U.S. states\u2014apart from the original thirteen, along with the Vermont Republic (1791)<\/a>, the Republic of Texas (1845)<\/a>, and the California Republic (1846)<\/a>\u2014that were independent nations prior to statehood. \u00a0Along with Texas, Hawai\u2019i had formal, international diplomatic recognition as a nation.<\/p>\n The Kingdom of Hawai\u02bbi was sovereign from 1810 until 1893 when the monarchy was overthrown by resident American and European capitalists and landholders. \u00a0Hawai\u2019i was an independent republic from 1894 until August 12, 1898, when it officially became a territory of the United States. \u00a0Hawai\u2019i was admitted as a U.S. state on August 21, 1959.<\/p>\n Based on archaeological evidence, the earliest habitation of the Hawai\u2019ian Islands dates to around 300 CE, probably by Polynesian settlers from the Marquesas Islands<\/a>.\u00a0 A second wave of migration from Raiatea<\/a> and Bora Bora<\/a> took place in the 11th century.<\/p>\n The date of the human discovery and habitation of the Hawai\u2019ian Islands is the subject of academic debate.\u00a0 Some archaeologists and historians think it was a later wave of immigrants from Tahiti<\/a> around 1000 CE who introduced a new line of high chiefs, the kapu system<\/a>, the practice of human sacrifice, and the building of heiau<\/a>.\u00a0 This later immigration is detailed in Hawai\u2019ian mythology<\/a> (mo\u02bbolelo) about Pa\u02bbao<\/a>. \u00a0Other authors say there is no archaeological or linguistic evidence for a later influx of Tahitian settlers and that Pa\u02bbao must be regarded as a myth.<\/p>\n The history of the islands is marked by a slow, steady growth in population and the size of the chiefdoms, which grew to encompass whole islands. \u00a0Local chiefs, called ali\u02bbi<\/a>, ruled their settlements, and launched wars to extend their influence and defend their communities from predatory rivals. \u00a0Ancient Hawai\u2019i was a caste-based society, much like that of Hindus<\/a> in India<\/a>.<\/p>\n It is possible that Spanish explorers arrived in the Hawai\u2019ian Islands in the 16th century\u2014200 years before Captain James Cook<\/a>‘s first documented visit in 1778. \u00a0Ruy L\u00f3pez de Villalobos<\/a> commanded a fleet of six ships that left Acapulco<\/a> in 1542 bound for the Philippines<\/a> with a Spanish sailor named Juan Gaetano<\/a> aboard as pilot. \u00a0Depending on the interpretation, Gaetano’s reports describe an encounter with either Hawai\u02bbi or the Marshall Islands<\/a>.\u00a0 If de Villalobos’ crew spotted Hawai\u02bbi, Gaetano would be considered the first European to see the islands. Some scholars have dismissed these claims due to a lack of credibility.<\/p>\n Spanish archives contain a chart that depicts islands at the same latitude as Hawai\u02bbi but with a longitude ten degrees east of the islands. \u00a0In this manuscript, the island of Maui is named La Desgraciada (The Unfortunate Island), and what appears to be Hawai\u02bbi Island is named La Mesa (The Table). \u00a0Islands resembling Kahoolawe, Lanai, and Molokai are named Los Monjes (The Monks).\u00a0 For two-and-a-half centuries, Spanish galleons crossed the Pacific from Mexico along a route that passed south of Hawai\u02bbi on their way to Manila<\/a>. \u00a0The exact route was kept secret to protect the Spanish trade monopoly against competing powers.<\/p>\n The 1778 arrival of British explorer James Cook was the first documented contact by a European explorer with Hawai\u2019i.<\/p>\n Cook named the archipelago as the Sandwich Islands in honor of his sponsor John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich<\/a>. \u00a0Cook published the islands’ location and rendered the native name as Owyhee. \u00a0This spelling lives on in Owyhee County, Idaho<\/a>. \u00a0It was named after three native Hawai\u2019ian members of a trapping party who went missing in that area. \u00a0The Owyhee Mountains<\/a> were also named for them.<\/p>\n Cook visited the Hawai\u2019ian Islands twice. \u00a0As he prepared for departure after his second visit in 1779, a quarrel ensued as Cook took temple idols and fencing as “firewood”, and a minor chief and his men took a ship’s boat. \u00a0Cook abducted the King of Hawai\u02bbi Island, Kalani\u02bb\u014dpu\u02bbu<\/a>, and held him for ransom aboard his ship in order to gain return of Cook’s boat. \u00a0This tactic had worked in Tahiti and other islands.\u00a0 Instead, Kalani\u02bb\u014dpu\u02bbu’s supporters fought back, killing Cook and four marines as Cook’s party retreated along the beach to their ship. \u00a0They departed without the ship’s boat.<\/p>\n After Cook’s visit and the publication of several books relating his voyages, the Hawai\u2019ian islands attracted many European visitors: explorers, traders, and eventually whalers, who found the islands to be a convenient harbor and source of supplies.<\/p>\n Early British influence can be seen in the design of the flag of Hawai\u02bbi, which bears the Union Jack in the top-left corner. \u00a0These visitors introduced diseases to the once-isolated islands, causing the Hawai\u2019ian population to drop precipitously.\u00a0 Native Hawai\u2019ians had no resistance to Eurasian diseases, such as influenza<\/a>, smallpox<\/a> and measles<\/a>. \u00a0By 1820, disease, famine and wars between the chiefs killed more than half of the Native Hawai\u2019ian population.\u00a0 During the 1850s, measles killed a fifth of Hawai\u2019i’s people.<\/p>\n Historical records indicated the earliest Chinese immigrants to Hawai\u2019i originated from Guangdong Province<\/a>; a few sailors arrived in 1778 with Captain Cook’s journey and more arrived in 1789 with an American trader, who settled in Hawai\u2019i in the late 18th century. \u00a0It is said that leprosy<\/a> was introduced by Chinese workers by 1830; as with the other new infectious diseases, it proved damaging to the Hawai\u2019ians.<\/p>\n During the 1780s, and 1790s, chiefs often fought for power. \u00a0After a series of battles that ended in 1795, all inhabited islands were subjugated under a single ruler, who became known as King Kamehameha the Great<\/a>. \u00a0He established the House of Kamehameha<\/a>, a dynasty that ruled the kingdom until 1872.<\/p>\n After Kamehameha II<\/a> inherited the throne in 1819, American Protestant missionaries to Hawai\u2019i<\/a> converted many Hawai\u2019ians to Christianity. \u00a0They used their influence to end many traditional practices of the people.\u00a0 During the reign of King Kamehameha III<\/a>, Hawai’i turned into a Christian monarchy with the signing of the 1840 Constitution.\u00a0 Hiram Bingham I<\/a>, a prominent Protestant missionary, was a trusted adviser to the monarchy during this period. \u00a0Other missionaries and their descendants became active in commercial and political affairs, leading to conflicts between the monarchy and its restive American subjects.\u00a0 Catholic and Mormon missionaries were also active in the kingdom, but they converted a minority of the Native Hawai\u2019ian population.\u00a0 Missionaries from each major group administered to the leper colony at Kalaupapa<\/a> on Moloka\u02bbi, which was established in 1866 and operated well into the 20th century. \u00a0The best known were Father Damien<\/a> and Mother Marianne Cope<\/a>, both of whom were canonized in the early 21st century as Roman Catholic saints<\/a>.<\/p>\n The death of the bachelor King Kamehameha V<\/a>\u2014who did not name an heir\u2014resulted in the popular election of Lunalilo<\/a> over Kal\u0101kaua<\/a>. \u00a0Lunalilo died the next year, also without naming an heir. \u00a0In 1874, the election was contested within the legislature between Kal\u0101kaua and Emma, Queen Consort<\/a> of Kamehameha IV<\/a>. \u00a0After riots broke out, the United States and Britain landed troops on the islands to restore order. \u00a0King Kal\u0101kaua was chosen as monarch by the Legislative Assembly by a vote of 39 to 6 on February 12, 1874.<\/p>\n In 1887, Kal\u0101kaua was forced to sign the 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawai\u2019i<\/a>. \u00a0Drafted by white businessmen and lawyers, the document stripped the king of much of his authority. \u00a0It established a property qualification for voting that effectively disenfranchised most Hawai\u2019ians and immigrant laborers and favored the wealthier white elite. \u00a0Resident whites were allowed to vote but resident Asians were not. \u00a0As the 1887 Constitution was signed under threat of violence, it is known as the Bayonet Constitution. \u00a0King Kal\u0101kaua, reduced to a figurehead, reigned until his death in 1891. \u00a0His sister, Queen Lili\u02bbuokalani<\/a>, succeeded him; she was the last monarch of Hawai\u02bbi.<\/p>\n In 1893, Queen Lili\u02bbuokalani announced plans for a new constitution to proclaim herself an absolute monarch. \u00a0On January 14, 1893, a group of mostly Euro-American business leaders and residents formed the Committee of Safety<\/a> to stage a coup d’\u00e9tat against the kingdom and seek annexation by the United States. \u00a0United States Government Minister John L. Stevens<\/a>, responding to a request from the Committee of Safety, summoned a company of U.S. Marines. \u00a0The Queen’s soldiers did not resist. \u00a0According to historian William Russ, the monarchy was unable to protect itself.<\/p>\n On January 17, 1893, Queen Lili\u02bbuokalani was overthrown and replaced by a provisional government composed of members of the Committee of Safety. \u00a0The United States Minister to the Kingdom of Hawai\u2019i (John L. Stevens) conspired with U.S. citizens to overthrow the monarchy.\u00a0 After the overthrow, lawyer Sanford B. Dole,<\/a> a citizen of Hawai\u2019i, became President of the Republic when the Provisional Government of Hawai\u2019i<\/a> ended on July 4, 1894. \u00a0Controversy ensued in the following years as the Queen tried to regain her throne. \u00a0The administration of President Grover Cleveland<\/a> commissioned the Blount Report<\/a>, which concluded that the removal of Lili\u02bbuokalani had been illegal. \u00a0The U.S. government first demanded that Queen Lili\u02bbuokalani be reinstated, but the Provisional Government refused.<\/p>\n Congress conducted an independent investigation, and on February 26, 1894, submitted the Morgan Report<\/a>, which found all parties, including Minister Stevens\u2014with the exception of the Queen\u2014”not guilty” and not responsible for the coup.\u00a0 Partisans on both sides of the debate questioned the accuracy and impartiality of both the Blount and Morgan reports over the events of 1893.<\/p>\n In 1993, the US Congress passed a joint Apology Resolution<\/a> regarding the overthrow; it was signed by President Bill Clinton<\/a>. \u00a0The resolution apologized and said that the overthrow was illegal in the following phrase: “The Congress \u2014 on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the illegal overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawai\u2019i on January 17, 1893, acknowledges the historical significance of this event which resulted in the suppression of the inherent sovereignty of the Native Hawai\u2019ian people.”\u00a0 The Apology Resolution also “acknowledges that the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawai\u2019i occurred with the active participation of agents and citizens of the United States and further acknowledges that the Native Hawai\u2019ian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawai\u2019i or through a plebiscite or referendum”.<\/p>\n After William McKinley<\/a> won the 1896 U.S. presidential election, advocates pressed to annex the Republic of Hawai\u2019i. \u00a0The previous president, Grover Cleveland, was a friend of Queen Lili\u02bbuokalani. \u00a0McKinley was open to persuasion by U.S. expansionists and by annexationists from Hawai\u02bbi. \u00a0He met with three non-native annexationists: Lorrin A. Thurston<\/a>, Francis March Hatch<\/a> and William Ansel Kinney<\/a>. \u00a0After negotiations in June 1897, Secretary of State John Sherman<\/a> agreed to a treaty of annexation with these representatives of the Republic of Hawai\u2019i.\u00a0 The U.S. Senate never ratified the treaty. \u00a0Despite the opposition of most native Hawai\u2019ians, the Newlands Resolution<\/a> was used to annex the Republic to the U.S.; it became the Territory of Hawai\u2019i<\/a>. \u00a0The Newlands Resolution was passed by the House on June 15, 1898, by 209 votes in favor to 91 against, and by the Senate on July 6, 1898, by a vote of 42 to 21.<\/p>\n In 1900, Hawai\u2019i was granted self-governance and retained \u02bbIolani Palace<\/a> as the territorial capitol building.<\/p>\n Despite several attempts to become a state, Hawai\u2019i remained a territory for 60 years. \u00a0Plantation owners and capitalists, who maintained control through financial institutions such as the Big Five, found territorial status convenient because they remained able to import cheap, foreign labor. S \u00a0Such immigration and labor practices were prohibited in many states.<\/p>\n Puerto Rican<\/a> immigration to Hawai\u2019i began in 1899, when Puerto Rico’s sugar industry was devastated by two hurricanes, causing a worldwide shortage of sugar and a huge demand for sugar from Hawai\u2019i. \u00a0Hawai\u2019ian sugarcane plantation owners began to recruit experienced, unemployed laborers in Puerto Rico. \u00a0Two waves of Korean<\/a> immigration to Hawai\u2019i occurred in the 20th century. \u00a0The first wave arrived between 1903 and 1924; the second wave began in 1965 after President Lyndon B. Johnson<\/a> signed the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965<\/a>, which removed racial and national barriers and resulted in significantly altering the demographic mix in the U.S.<\/p>\n O\u02bbahu was the target of a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor<\/a> by Imperial Japan<\/a> on December 7, 1941. \u00a0The attack on Pearl Harbor and other military and naval installations, carried out by aircraft and by midget submarines, brought the United States into World War II<\/a>.<\/p>\n In the 1950s, the power of the plantation owners was broken by the descendants of immigrant laborers, who were born in Hawai\u2019i and were U.S. citizens.<\/p>\n They voted against the Hawai\u2019i Republican Party, strongly supported by plantation owners. \u00a0The new majority voted for the Democratic Party of Hawai\u2019i, which dominated territorial and state politics for more than 40 years. \u00a0Eager to gain full representation in Congress and the Electoral College<\/a>, residents actively campaigned for statehood. \u00a0In Washington there was talk that Hawai\u2019i would be a Republican Party stronghold so it was matched with the admission of Alaska, seen as a Democratic Party stronghold. \u00a0These predictions turned out to be inaccurate; today, Hawai\u2019i votes Democratic predominantly, while Alaska votes Republican.<\/p>\n In March 1959, Congress passed the Hawai\u2019i Admission Act, which U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower<\/a> signed into law.\u00a0 The act excluded Palmyra Atoll<\/a> from statehood; it had been part of the Kingdom and Territory of Hawai\u2019i. \u00a0On June 27, 1959, a referendum asked residents of Hawai\u2019i to vote on the statehood bill; 94.3% voted in favor of statehood and 5.7% opposed it.\u00a0 The referendum asked voters to choose between accepting the Act and remaining a U.S. territory. \u00a0The United Nations’ Special Committee on Decolonization<\/a> later removed Hawai\u2019i from its list of non-self-governing territories.<\/p>\n After attaining statehood, Hawai\u2019i quickly modernized through construction and a rapidly growing tourism economy. \u00a0Later, state programs promoted Hawai\u2019ian culture.\u00a0 The Hawai\u2019i State Constitutional Convention of 1978<\/a> created institutions such as the Office of Hawai\u2019ian Affairs<\/a> to promote indigenous language and culture.<\/p>\n The history of Hawai\u2019i’s economy can be traced through a succession of dominant industries; sandalwood<\/a>, whaling<\/a>, sugarcane<\/a>, pineapple<\/a>, the military, tourism and education. \u00a0Since statehood in 1959, tourism has been the largest industry, contributing 24.3% of the gross state product (GSP) in 1997, despite efforts to diversify. \u00a0Hawai\u2019ian exports include food and clothing. \u00a0These industries play a small role in the Hawai\u2019ian economy, due to the shipping distance to viable markets, such as the West Coast of the contiguous U.S. \u00a0The state’s food exports include coffee<\/a>, macadamia nuts<\/a>, pineapple, livestock, sugarcane and honey.<\/p>\n By weight, honey bees may be the state’s most valuable export.\u00a0 According to the Hawai\u2019i Agricultural Statistics Service<\/a>, agricultural sales were US$370.9 million from diversified agriculture, US$100.6 million from pineapple, and US$64.3 million from sugarcane. \u00a0Hawai\u2019i’s relatively consistent climate has attracted the seed industry, which is able to test three generations of crops per year on the islands, compared with one or two on the mainland.\u00a0 Seeds yielded US$264 million in 2012, supporting 1,400 workers.<\/p>\n Tourism is an important part of the Hawai\u2019ian economy<\/a>.<\/p>\n In 2003, according to state government data, there were over 6.4 million visitors, with expenditures of over $10 billion, to the Hawai\u2019ian Islands.\u00a0 Due to the mild year-round weather, tourist travel is popular throughout the year. \u00a0The major holidays are the most popular times for outsiders to visit, especially in the winter months. \u00a0Substantial numbers of Japanese<\/a> tourists still visit the islands but have now been surpassed by Chinese<\/a> and Koreans due to the collapse of the value of the Yen and the weak Japanese economy.<\/p>\n The United States military, with approximately 75,000 members stationed in the islands, provides substantial economic support as well.<\/p>\n A system of state highways encircles each main island. \u00a0Only O\u02bbahu has federal highways, and is the only area outside the contiguous 48 states to have signed Interstate highways (H1<\/a>, H2<\/a>, H3<\/a>). \u00a0Narrow, winding roads and congestion in populated places can slow traffic. \u00a0Each major island has a public bus system.<\/p>\n Honolulu International Airport<\/a>, which shares runways with the adjacent Hickam Field<\/a>, is the major commercial aviation hub of Hawai\u2019i. \u00a0The commercial aviation airport offers intercontinental service to North America, Asia, Australia and Oceania.<\/p>\n Hawai\u2019ian Airlines<\/a>, and\u00a0Mokulele Airlines<\/a>\u00a0use jets to provide services between the large airports in Honolulu, L\u012bhu\u02bbe<\/a>, Kahului<\/a>, Kona<\/a> and Hilo<\/a>. \u00a0Island Air<\/a>\u00a0serves smaller airports. \u00a0These airlines also provide air freight services between the islands. \u00a0On May 30, 2017, the airport was officially renamed as the Daniel K. Inouye International Airport (HNL), after U.S. Senator Daniel K. Inouye<\/a>.<\/p>\n Airports in Hawai\u2019i with commercial services are:<\/p>\n Until air passenger services began in the 1920s, private boats were the sole means of traveling between the islands. Seaflite<\/a> operated hydrofoils between the major islands in the mid-1970s.<\/p>\n The Hawai\u2019i Superferry<\/a> operated between O\u02bbahu and Maui between December 2007 and March 2009, with additional routes planned for other islands.<\/p>\n Protests and legal problems over environmental impact statements ended the service, though the company operating Superferry has expressed a wish to recommence ferry services in the future.\u00a0 Currently there is a passenger ferry service in Maui County<\/a> between Lana\u02bbi and Maui, which does not take vehicles; a passenger ferry to Molokai ended in 2016.<\/p>\n The current official flag of the U.S. state of Hawai\u2019i (Hawai\u2019ian: Ka Hae Hawai\u02bbi) had also previously been used by the kingdom, protectorate, republic, and territory of Hawai\u2019i. \u00a0The flag includes the flag of a foreign country, the Union Jack of the United Kingdom<\/a>, a remnant of the British Empire’s influence on Hawai\u2019ian history.<\/p>\n The canton of the flag of Hawai\u2019i contains the Union Flag of the United Kingdom, prominent over the top quarter closest to the flag mast. \u00a0The field of the flag is composed of eight horizontal stripes, symbolizing the eight major islands (Hawai\u02bbi, Maui, Kaho\u02bbolawe, L\u0101na\u02bbi, Moloka\u02bbi, O\u02bbahu, Kaua\u02bbi, and Ni\u02bbihau). \u00a0Other versions of the flag have only seven stripes, probably representing the islands with the exception of Kaho\u02bbolawe or Ni\u02bbihau. \u00a0The color of the stripes, from the top down, follows the sequence: white, red, blue, white, red, blue, white, red. \u00a0The colors were standardized in 1843, although other combinations have been seen and are occasionally still used.<\/p>\n There are various accounts of the earliest history of the flag of Hawai\u2019i. \u00a0One relates how King Kamehameha I flew a British flag, probably a Red Ensign, given to him by British explorer Captain George Vancouver<\/a> as a token of friendship with King George III<\/a>.<\/p>\n Subsequent visitors reported seeing the flag flying from places of honor, as it was then considered an official Hawai\u2019ian flag.\u00a0 As the union jack added diagonal red cross of St Patrick<\/a> in 1801, so did the flag of Hawai\u2019i.\u00a0 An adviser to Kamehameha noted that the Union Flag could draw Hawai\u2019i into international conflict, as his kingdom could be seen as an ally of the United Kingdom, and he subsequently lowered the Union Flag over his home at Kamakahonu<\/a>.<\/p>\n While disputed as historically accurate, one account stated that in order to placate U.S. interests during the War of 1812<\/a>, a flag of the U.S. was raised over Kamehameha’s home, only to be removed when British officers in the court of Kamehameha vehemently objected to it. \u00a0This explains why the resulting flag of Hawai\u2019i was a deliberate hybrid of the two nations’ flags.<\/p>\n In 1816, Kamehameha commissioned his own flag to avoid this conflict, which has evolved into the current flag. \u00a0It was probably designed by one of the commanders of the Royal Hawai\u2019ian Navy<\/a>, former officers of the British Royal Navy<\/a>, who advised Kamehameha, based on a form of the British naval flag. \u00a0There is debate as to the actual designer: some credit Alexander Adams<\/a>, others George Charles Beckley<\/a>. \u00a0It was very similar to the flag of the British East India Company<\/a> in use about this time which had only red and white stripes. \u00a0Captain Adams used this flag for the first time on a Hawai\u2019ian trade mission to China in 1817.<\/p>\n The original flag was designed to feature stripes alternating in the order red-white-blue, also attributed to various historical flags of the United Kingdom.<\/p>\n The flag used at the first official flying of the flag of Hawai\u2019i mistakenly placed the stripes in the order white-red-blue, although it seems explorers to the island disagree about the exact order of colors and the number of stripes up to the late 1840s. \u00a0There may have been possibly different versions of the flag with different numbers of stripes and colors.\u00a0 The number of stripes also changed: originally, the flag was designed with either seven or nine horizontal stripes, and in 1845 it was officially changed to eight stripes. \u00a0The latter arrangement was adopted and is used today.<\/p>\n Hawai\u2019i’s state nickname is “The Aloha State”. Hawai\u2019i is also called “Paradise of the Pacific.”<\/p>\n “Aloha Spirit” has been defined by legislature as the working philosophy of native Hawai\u2019ians; “Aloha” means mutual regard and affection and extends warmth in caring with no obligation in return.\u00a0 “Aloha” is the essence of relationships in which each person is important to every other person for collective existence.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" There are various accounts of the earliest history of the flag of Hawai\u2019i. One relates how King Kamehameha I flew a British flag, probably a Red Ensign, given to him by British explorer Captain George Vancouver as a token of friendship with King George III. Subsequent visitors reported seeing the flag flying from places of honor, as it was then considered an official Hawai\u2019ian flag. As the union jack added diagonal red cross of St Patrick in 1801, so did the flag of Hawai\u2019i. An adviser to Kamehameha noted that the Union Flag could draw Hawai\u2019i into international conflict, as his kingdom could be seen as an ally of the United Kingdom, and he subsequently lowered the Union Flag over his home at Kamakahonu. While disputed as historically accurate, one account stated that in order to placate U.S. interests during the War of 1812, a flag of the U.S. was raised over Kamehameha’s home, only to be removed when British officers in the court of Kamehameha vehemently objected to it. This explains why the resulting flag of Hawai\u2019i was a deliberate hybrid of the two nations’ flags.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1881,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[5,6,7,41,43,40,42],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1849"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1849"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1849\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1881"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1849"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1849"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1849"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"Main](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/02\/Main-Island-Map-300x215.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
![\"Hawaii](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/02\/Hawaii-in-the-United-States-300x210.png\" "\\"\\"")
Origin of the Name:<\/h2>\n
Spelling of State Name:<\/h2>\n
Geography:<\/h2>\n
![\"Ni'ihau\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/02\/Niihau-300x200.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
![\"Full](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/02\/Full-Hawaiian-Chain-Map-300x152.png\" "\\"\\"")
![\"Na](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/02\/Na-Pali-Coast-State-Park-300x200.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
History:<\/h2>\n
First Human Settlement \u2013 Ancient Hawai\u02bbi (800\u20131778):<\/h3>\n
![\"Puuloa](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/02\/Puuloa-Prehistoric-Petroglyphs-300x204.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
European Arrival:<\/h3>\n
![\"Ruy](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/02\/Ruy-Lopez-de-Villalobos-300x169.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
![\"Meeting](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/02\/Meeting-Captain-Cook-300x188.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
![\"Meeting](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/02\/Meeting-the-Russian-Expedition-300x231.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
Kingdom of Hawai\u02bbi:<\/h3>\n
![\"King](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/02\/King-Kamehameha-the-Great-300x168.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
![\"Kalaupapa](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/02\/Kalaupapa-Leprosy-Colony-300x225.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
1887 Constitution and Overthrow Preparations:<\/h3>\n
![\"Queen](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/02\/Queen-Liliuokalani-192x300.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
Overthrow of 1893 \u2013 Republic of Hawai\u2019i (1894\u20131898):<\/h3>\n
![\"John](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/02\/John-L-Stevens-204x300.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
Annexation \u2013 Territory of Hawai\u2019i (1898\u20131959):<\/h3>\n
![\"'Iolani](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/02\/Iolani-Palace-300x231.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
![\"Attack](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/02\/Attack-on-Pearl-Harbor-300x240.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
Political Changes of 1954 \u2013 State of Hawai\u2019i (1959\u2013Present):<\/h3>\n
![\"Pineapple](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/02\/Pineapple-Canning-1928-300x242.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
Economy:<\/h2>\n
![\"Pineapple](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/02\/Pineapple-Plantation-300x229.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
![\"Tourism](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/02\/Tourism-Promotion-227x300.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
![\"Military](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/02\/Military-in-Hawaii-300x213.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
Transportation:<\/h2>\n
Roads:<\/h3>\n
![\"Transportation](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/02\/Transportation-Map-of-Hawaii-300x229.png\" "\\"\\"")
Air:<\/h3>\n
![\"Honolulu](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/02\/Honolulu-International-Airport-300x232.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
\n
Hilo, Hawaii ITO\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Hilo International Airport<\/a><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n
Honolulu, Oahu HNL\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Daniel K. Inouye International Airport<\/pre>\n<\/li>\n
Kahului, Maui \u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 OGG\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kahului Airport<\/a><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n
Kailua-Kona, Hawaii KOA\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kona International Airport at Keahole<\/a><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n
Kaunakakai, Molokai MKK\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Molokai Airport<\/a><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n
Lanai City, Lanai \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0LNY\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Lanai Airport<\/a><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n
Lihue, Kauai LIH\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Lihue Airport<\/a><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n
Hana, Maui HNM\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Hana Airport<\/a><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n
Kalaupapa, Molokai LUP\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kalaupapa Airport<\/a><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n
Kamuela (Waimea), Hawaii MUE\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Waimea-Kohala Airport<\/a><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n
Lahaina, Maui JHM\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Kapalua Airport<\/a><\/pre>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Sea:<\/h3>\n
![\"Hawaii](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/02\/Hawaii-Superferry-300x120.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
Flag of Hawai\u2019i:<\/h2>\n
![\"Flag](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/02\/Flag-of-Hawaii-1845-present-300x150.png\" "\\"\\"")
![\"Red](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/02\/Red-Ensign-Flag-of-Great-Britain-1793-1794-300x167.png\" "\\"\\"")
![\"Flag](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/02\/Flag-of-Great-Britain-1794-1816-300x180.png\" "\\"\\"")
![\"British](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/02\/British-East-India-Company-Flag-300x177.png\" "\\"\\"")
![\"Early](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/02\/Early-Version-of-Current-Flag-1816-1845-300x150.png\" "\\"\\"")
State Nickname:<\/h2>\n
![\"Hawai'i](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/02\/Hawaii-Quarter-300x300.jpg\" "\\"\\"")