{"id":2079,"date":"2019-03-26T04:00:50","date_gmt":"2019-03-26T04:00:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/?p=2079"},"modified":"2018-12-12T22:15:02","modified_gmt":"2018-12-12T22:15:02","slug":"u-s-virgin-islands","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/u-s-virgin-islands\/","title":{"rendered":"U.S. Virgin Islands"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction:<\/h2>\n

The United States Virgin Islands<\/a>, officially the Virgin Islands of the United States, is a group of islands in the Caribbean<\/a> and an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States<\/a>. \u00a0The islands are geographically part of the Virgin Islands archipelago and are located in the Leeward Islands<\/a> of the Lesser Antilles<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"US
US Virgin Islands on the Globe<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The U.S. Virgin Islands consists of the main islands of Saint Croix<\/a>, Saint John<\/a>, and Saint Thomas<\/a>, and many other surrounding minor islands. \u00a0The total land area of the territory is 133.73 square miles. \u00a0The territory’s capital is Charlotte Amalie<\/a> on the island of St. Thomas.<\/p>\n

\"Charlotte
Charlotte Amalie<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

History:<\/h2>\n

The U.S. Virgin Islands were originally inhabited by the Ciboney<\/a>, Carib<\/a>, and Arawaks<\/a>. \u00a0The islands were named by Christopher Columbus<\/a> on his second voyage in 1493 for Saint Ursula<\/a> and her virgin followers. \u00a0Over the next two hundred years, the islands were held by many European powers, including Spain<\/a>, Great Britain<\/a>, the Netherlands<\/a>, France<\/a>, and Denmark<\/a>\u2013Norway<\/a>. \u00a0In 1927, the inhabitants of the U.S. Virgin Islands were granted American citizenship.<\/p>\n

The Guanahatabey:<\/h3>\n

Although not much is known about the Guanahatabey<\/a> people who inhabited the islands during the Stone Age<\/a>, archaeological evidence seems to indicate that they were hunter-gatherers. \u00a0They made tools of stone and flint<\/a> but left few other artifacts behind.<\/p>\n

The Arawaks:<\/h3>\n

Experts at canoe building and seamanship, the Arawaks migrated from the Amazon River Valley<\/a> and Orinoco regions of Venezuela and Brazil<\/a>, settling on the islands near coasts and rivers. \u00a0These peaceful people excelled at fishing and farming. \u00a0They grew cotton, tobacco, maize<\/a>, yuca<\/a>, and guava<\/a> as well as a variety of other fruits and vegetables.<\/p>\n

\"Petroglyphs
Petroglyphs in Virgin Islands National Park<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The Arawaks developed intricate social and cultural lives. \u00a0For recreation, they held organized sporting events. \u00a0They also valued artistic endeavors, such as cave painting and rock carving, some of which have survived to the present. \u00a0Religion played a large role in their daily lives, and through ceremonial rituals they asked their gods for advice to help them through troubled times. \u00a0Their civilization flourished for several hundred years until the Caribs invaded.<\/p>\n

The Caribs:<\/h3>\n

While the Caribs came from the same area as the Arawaks and may have been distantly related, they did not share the Arawaks’ friendly nature. \u00a0Not only were they fierce warriors, they supposedly feasted on their adversaries. \u00a0Their bloodthirsty reputation spawned the English word cannibal, derived from the name the Spanish gave them, Caribal.<\/p>\n

Whether or not they actually ate their victims, the Caribs did destroy numerous Arawak villages. \u00a0By the mid-15th century, the Caribs had slashed the Arawak population from several million to a few thousand. \u00a0But even the Caribs were no match for the Europeans who came.<\/p>\n

Spanish and French Colonial Period:<\/h3>\n

Blown off course during his 1493\u20131496 voyage, Christopher Columbus landed on Saint Croix, then continued his explorations on Saint Thomas and Saint John. \u00a0He gave the islands their original Spanish names (Santa Cruz, San Tomas, and San Juan), focusing on religious themes. \u00a0The collection of tiny islets, cays, and rocks dotting the sea around them reminded Columbus of Saint Ursula and her 11,000 virgin martyrs, inspiring the name Las Once Mil Virgenes.<\/p>\n

\"Christopher
Christopher Columbus<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The first encounter Columbus had with the Caribs quickly erupted into a battle. \u00a0When Columbus and his crew decided to move on to other islands, they kidnapped six Arawaks to guide them. \u00a0Although Columbus left without founding a colony, many more battles between the Spanish and Caribs followed over the next century.<\/p>\n

The French and Danish colonizers finished the job the Spanish had begun. \u00a0They tried to convert the Caribs and Arawaks to Catholicism and Lutheranism, which largely failed. \u00a0They also enslaved the native populations to work on plantations. \u00a0With tobacco having already been cultivated on the islands, it made a good cash crop. \u00a0Later on, coffee, sugar, and cotton also were grown.<\/p>\n

Danish Rule:<\/h3>\n

The Danish West India Company<\/a> settled on St. Thomas in 1672, settled on St. John in 1694, and purchased St. Croix from France in 1733.\u00a0 The islands became royal Danish colonies in 1754, named the Danish West Indian Islands<\/a>. \u00a0Sugarcane, produced by slave labor, drove the islands’ economy during the 18th and early 19th centuries.<\/p>\n

The Danish West India and Guinea Company are also credited with naming the island St. John. \u00a0The Danish crown took full control of St. John in 1754 along with St. Thomas and St. Croix. \u00a0Sugarcane plantations such as the famous Annaberg Sugar Plantation<\/a> were established in great numbers on St. John because of the intense heat and fertile terrain that provided ideal growing conditions. \u00a0The establishment of sugarcane plantations also led to the buying of more slaves from Africa. \u00a0In 1733, St. John was the site of one of the first significant slave rebellions in the New World when Akwamu slaves from the Gold Coast took over the island for six months.<\/a><\/p>\n

\"Annaberg
Annaberg Sugar Plantation<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The Danish were able to defeat the enslaved Africans with help from the French in Martinique<\/a>. \u00a0Instead of allowing themselves to be recaptured, more than a dozen of the ringleaders shot themselves before the French forces could capture them and call them to account for their activities during the period of rebel control. \u00a0It is estimated that by 1775, slaves outnumbered the Danish settlers by a ratio of 5:1. \u00a0The indigenous Caribs and Arawaks were also used as slave labor to the point of the entire native population being absorbed into the larger groups. \u00a0Slavery was abolished in the Virgin Islands on July 3, 1848.<\/p>\n

Although some plantation owners refused to accept the abolition, some 5,000 Black people were freed while another 17,000 remained enslaved. \u00a0In that era, slaves labored mainly on sugar plantations. \u00a0Other crops included cotton and indigo. \u00a0Over the following years, strict labor laws were implemented several times, leading planters to abandon their estates, causing a significant drop in population and the overall economy. \u00a0In the late 1800s, numerous natural disasters added to diminish the economy.\u00a0 For the remainder of the period of Danish rule the islands were not economically viable and significant transfers were made from the Danish state budgets to the authorities in the islands. \u00a0In 1867 a treaty to sell St. Thomas and St. John to the United States was agreed, but the sale was never effected.\u00a0 A number of reforms aimed at reviving the islands’ economy were attempted, but none had great success. \u00a0A second draft treaty to sell the islands to the United States was negotiated in 1902 but was defeated in the upper house of the Danish parliament in a tie vote.<\/p>\n

American Rule:<\/h3>\n

The onset of World War I<\/a> brought the reforms to a close and again left the islands isolated and exposed. \u00a0During the submarine warfare phases of the war, the United States, fearing that the islands might be seized by Germany<\/a> as a submarine base, again approached Denmark about buying them. \u00a0After a few months of negotiations, a selling price of $25 million in United States gold coin was agreed, equivalent to $563.15 million in 2017 dollars. \u00a0At the same time the economics of continued possession weighed heavily on the minds of Danish decision makers, and a consensus in favor of selling emerged in the Danish parliament.<\/p>\n

\"Warrant
Warrant for Payment for USVI<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

After the United States bought what is now known as the United States Virgin Islands from the Danish, the islands officially became an unincorporated U.S. territory in 1927. \u00a0Most residents were granted U.S. citizenship in 1936.\u00a0 The islands remained under the direct control of the U.S. government until 1968, when residents were first allowed to elect their own Governor. \u00a0In 1972, residents elected their first non-voting delegate to congress.<\/p>\n

The 1930s represented a watershed as the economy reversed itself because of two external stimuli: the repeal of prohibition in the U.S.<\/a>, which greatly increased the demand for plantation workers, and the wartime decision to construct a submarine base on the islands of St. Thomas. \u00a0Because of habitual out-migration to the U.S. and the historical absence of a peasant agricultural tradition, the indigenous labor supply was inadequate. \u00a0This vacuum created the demand for West Indian Labor from the Eastern Caribbean for the first of several immigrant waves.<\/p>\n

The Organic Act of the Virgin Islands of the United States of 1936 established a government for the U.S. Virgin Islands, replacing previous temporary provisions.<\/p>\n

The Virgin Islands Government set a new policy of export diversification via tourism and light industry. \u00a0People continued to immigrate in substantial numbers \u2014 some legally and others illegally. \u00a0They benefited from a series of loose interpretations and favorable revisions of immigration law which reduced occupational restrictions and generally lax enforcement.<\/p>\n

In 1954, the Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands repealed and replaced the previous Organic Act of the Virgin Islands.<\/p>\n

Hurricane Hugo<\/a> struck the U.S. Virgin Islands in 1989, causing catastrophic physical and economic damage, particularly on the island of St. Croix. \u00a0The territory was again struck by Hurricane Marilyn<\/a> in 1995, killing eight people and causing more than $2 billion in damage. \u00a0The islands were again struck by Hurricanes Bertha<\/a>, Georges<\/a>, Lenny<\/a>, and Omar<\/a> in 1996, 1998, 1999, and 2008, respectively, but damage was not as severe in those storms. \u00a0In 2017, Hurricane Irma<\/a> caused catastrophic damage to St. John and St. Thomas; just days later, Hurricane Maria<\/a>‘s eyewall crossed over St. Croix.<\/p>\n

Until February 2012, the Hovensa<\/a> plant located on St. Croix was one of the world’s largest petroleum refineries and contributed about 20% of the territory’s GDP. \u00a0The facility stopped exporting petroleum products in 2014. \u00a0In the final year of full refinery operations, the value of exported petroleum products was $12.7 billion.\u00a0 After being shut down, it has operated as no more than an oil storage facility; the closure had provoked a local economic crisis.<\/p>\n

Geography:<\/h2>\n

The United States Virgin Islands are a group of several dozen islands and cays located in the Caribbean, about 1,100 miles southeast of Florida<\/a>, 600 miles north of Venezuela<\/a>, 40 miles east of Puerto Rico<\/a>, and immediately west and south of the British Virgin Islands<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"Map
Map of the US Virgin Islands<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The U.S. Virgin Islands lie near the boundary of the North American Plate<\/a> and the Caribbean Plate<\/a>, roughly 100 miles south of the Puerto Rico Trench<\/a> and near the Anegada Passage<\/a>, a key shipping lane. \u00a0Together with the British Virgin Islands, Vieques<\/a>, and Culebra<\/a>, they make up the Virgin Islands archipelago.<\/p>\n

The hilly, volcanic islands of Saint Thomas (31 square miles) and Saint John (20 square miles) border the North Atlantic Ocean to the north and the Caribbean Sea to the south. \u00a0The larger island of Saint Croix (84 square miles) lies 40 miles to the south across the Virgin Islands Trough and is entirely in the Caribbean Sea.<\/p>\n

Charlotte Amalie, Saint Thomas is one of the best natural, deep-water harbors in the Caribbean. \u00a0The Islands have many well-known beaches, including Magens Bay (Saint Thomas)<\/a><\/p>\n

\"Magens
Magens Bay St Thomas<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

and Trunk Bay (Saint John)<\/a>, and coral reefs, including the Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument<\/a> and the Buck Island Reef National Monument<\/a>. \u00a0More than half of Saint John and nearly all of Hassel Island<\/a> are owned by the U.S. National Park Service<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\"Trunk
Trunk Bay St John<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The U.S. Virgin Islands lie on the boundary of the North American plate and the Caribbean Plate. Natural hazards include earthquakes and hurricanes.<\/p>\n

Crown Mountain, on Saint Thomas<\/a>, is the highest point in the U.S. Virgin Islands. Sea level is the lowest.<\/p>\n

Economy:<\/h2>\n

In May 2016 the islands’ Bureau of Economic Research indicated that there were 37,613 non-agricultural wage and salary jobs in the islands. \u00a0This report states that the “leisure and hospitality sector” employed an average of 7,333 people. \u00a0The retail trade sector, which also serves many tourists, averaged another 5,913 jobs. \u00a0Other categories which also include some tourism jobs include Arts and Entertainment (792 jobs), Accommodation and Food (6,541 jobs), Accommodation (3,755 jobs), Food Services and Drink (2,766 jobs). \u00a0A large percentage of the 37,613 non-farm workers are employed in dealing with tourists.\u00a0 Serving the local population is also part of the role of these sectors.<\/p>\n

Tourism:<\/h3>\n

Tourism, trade, and other service-oriented industries are the primary economic activities, accounting for nearly 60% of the GDP. \u00a0Approximately 2.5 million tourists per year visit, most arriving on cruise ships.\u00a0 Such visitors do not spend large amounts of money ($146.70 each on average) but as a group, they contributed $339.8 million to the economy in 2012.<\/p>\n

Manufacturing:<\/h3>\n

The manufacturing sector consists of mainly rum distilling. \u00a0The agricultural sector is small, with most food being imported. \u00a0International business and financial services are a small but growing component of the economy. \u00a0Most energy is also generated from imported oil, leading to electricity costs four to five times higher than the U.S. mainland.\u00a0 The Virgin Islands Water and Power Authority<\/a> also uses imported energy to operate its desalination facilities to provide fresh water.<\/p>\n

Transportation:<\/h2>\n

Roadways:<\/h3>\n

The U.S. Virgin Islands is the only US jurisdiction that drives on the left.<\/p>\n

\"Left
Left Hand Drive Sign<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

This was inherited from what was then-current practice on the islands at the time of the 1917 transfer of the territory to the United States from Denmark. \u00a0However, because most cars in the territory are imported from the mainland United States, the cars in the territory are left-hand drive.\u00a0 The USVI have 1,230 miles of roadways, about 750 miles of public roads and 490 miles of private roads. \u00a0Most public roads are two-lane and are paved with asphalt or concrete. \u00a0There are few shoulders. \u00a0Guts (culverts) and retaining walls help prevent flooding and landslides. \u00a0Private roads are often unpaved or semi-paved.<\/p>\n

Public Transportation:<\/h3>\n

Virgin Islands Transit (VITRAN)<\/a> public buses run between the main towns and areas of local interest (not tourist destinations). \u00a0Bus fare is $1 or less.\u00a0 Privately owned “dollar ride” or “dollar run” taxi buses stop at or near many bus stops. \u00a0They follow a predefined route, but do not follow a regular schedule. \u00a0It is often possible to get off anywhere along their route. These buses charge a flat rate for the trip, either $1 or $2.<\/p>\n

\"Virgin
Virgin Islands Transit (VITRAN)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Nearly all taxis are shared taxis, either enclosed vans or open-air “safaris”, that go to destinations that are most convenient for tourists (e.g., hotels, beaches, docks, airports, sightseeing tours). \u00a0They are not metered and are required by law to charge a flat fare that varies by destination. \u00a0Though less common, private taxis to other destinations can also be negotiated.<\/p>\n

Car Rentals:<\/h3>\n

There are many car rental agencies which rent cars and jeeps.<\/p>\n

Railways:<\/h3>\n

The USVI contain no railways although there was formerly a marine railway on Hassel Island.<\/p>\n

Air:<\/h3>\n

Two international airports serve the islands:<\/p>\n