![\"Bajo](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/04\/Bajo-Nuevo-Location-300x168.png\" "\\"\\"")
The reef was first shown on Dutch<\/a> maps dating to 1634 but was given its present name in 1654. \u00a0Bajo Nuevo was rediscovered by the English pirate John Glover in 1660. \u00a0Although the bank is an integral part of Colombia<\/a>, it is subject to a sovereignty dispute with the United States. \u00a0On November 19, 2012, in regards to Nicaraguan<\/a> claims to the islands, the International Court of Justice<\/a> (ICJ) found, unanimously, that the Republic of Colombia has sovereignty over both Bajo Nuevo and Serranilla Banks.<\/p>\n Bajo Nuevo Bank is about 16 miles long and 5.6 miles wide. \u00a0The satellite image shows two distinct atoll-like structures separated by a deep channel 0.87 miles wide at its narrowest point. \u00a0The larger southwestern reef complex measures 9.6 miles northeast-southwest, and is up to 5.8 miles wide, covering an area of about 39 square miles. \u00a0The reef partially dries on the southern and eastern sides. \u00a0The smaller northeastern reef complex measures 6.5 miles east-west and is up to 3.4 miles wide, covering an area of 17 square miles. \u00a0The land area is minuscule by comparison.<\/p>\n The most prominent cay is Low Cay, in the southwestern atoll. \u00a0It is 330 yards long and 44 yards wide, about 2.5 acres, no more than 6.6 feet high, and barren. \u00a0It is composed of broken coral, driftwood, and sand. \u00a0The light beacon on Low Cay is a 69 foot metal tower, painted white with a red top. \u00a0It emits a focal plane beam of light as two white flashes of light every 15 seconds. \u00a0The beacon was erected in 1982 and reconstructed by the Colombian Ministry of Defense<\/a> in February 2008. \u00a0It is currently maintained by the Colombian Navy<\/a>, and overseen by the state’s Maritime Authority.<\/p>\n Bajo Nuevo Bank is the subject of conflicting claims made by a number of sovereign states. \u00a0In most cases, the dispute stems from attempts by a state to expand its exclusive economic zone over the surrounding seas.<\/p>\n Colombia currently claims the area as part of the department of San Andr\u00e9s and Providencia<\/a>.\u00a0 Naval patrols in the area are carried out by the San Andr\u00e9s fleet of the Colombian Navy.\u00a0 Colombia maintains that it has claimed these territories since 1886, as part of the geographic archipelago of San Andr\u00e9s and Providencia.\u00a0 This date is disputed by other claimant states, most prominent among them Nicaragua, which has argued that Colombia had not claimed the territory by name until recently.<\/p>\n Jamaica’s<\/a> claim has been largely dormant since entering into a number of bilateral agreements with Colombia. \u00a0Between 1982 and 1986, the two states maintained a formal agreement which granted regulated fishing rights to Jamaican vessels within the territorial waters of Bajo Nuevo and nearby Serranilla Bank.\u00a0 \u00a0Jamaica’s signing of this treaty was regarded by critics as a de facto recognition of Colombian sovereignty over the two banks. \u00a0The treaty is now extinguished, however, as Colombia declined to renew it upon its expiration in August 1986.<\/p>\n In November 1993, Colombia and Jamaica agreed upon a maritime delimitation treaty establishing a “Joint Regime Area” to cooperatively manage and exploit living and non-living resources in designated waters between the two aforementioned banks. \u00a0However, the territorial waters immediately surrounding the cays themselves were excluded from the zone of joint-control, as Colombia considers these areas to be part of her coastal waters. \u00a0The exclusion circles were defined in the chart attached to the treaty as “Colombia’s territorial sea in Serranilla and Bajo Nuevo”. \u00a0The agreement came into force in March 1994.<\/p>\n Nicaragua lays claim to all the islands on its continental shelf, including Bajo Nuevo Bank and all islands associated with the San Andr\u00e9s and Providencia archipelagoes. \u00a0It has persistently pursued this claim against Colombia in the International Court of Justice (ICJ), filing cases in both 2001 and 2007. \u00a0The main cause of the dispute lies in the debated validity and applicability of the Esguerra-B\u00e1rcenas treaty<\/a>, exchanged with Colombia in March 1928.<\/p>\n The United States claim was made on 22 November 1869 by James W. Jennett under the provisions of the Guano Islands Act<\/a>. \u00a0Most claims made by the U.S. over the guano islands in this region were officially renounced in a treaty with Colombia, dated September 1972. \u00a0But whether or not Bajo Nuevo Bank was included in the agreement is disputed, as the bank is not mentioned specifically by name within the treaty, and Article 7 of the treaty states that matters not specifically mentioned in the treaty are not subject to its terms. \u00a0The U.S. administers the bank as an unorganized, unincorporated United States territory.<\/p>\n Honduras<\/a>, prior to its ratification of a maritime boundary treaty with Colombia on 20 December 1999, had previously also laid claim to Bajo Nuevo and nearby Serranilla Bank. \u00a0Both states agreed upon a maritime demarcation in 1986 that excluded Honduras from any control over the banks or their surrounding waters. \u00a0This bilateral treaty ensured that Honduras implicitly recognizes Colombia’s sovereignty over the disputed territories. \u00a0Honduras’ legal right to hand over these areas was disputed by Nicaragua before the ICJ.<\/p>\n Serranilla Bank is a partially submerged reef, with small uninhabited islets, in the western Caribbean Sea. It is situated about 220 miles northeast of Punta Gorda, Nicaragua, and roughly 170 miles southwest of Jamaica. \u00a0The closest neighboring land feature is Bajo Nuevo Bank, located 68 miles to the east.<\/p>\n Serranilla Bank was first shown on Spanish maps in 1510. \u00a0It is administered by Colombia as part of the department of San Andr\u00e9s and Providencia. \u00a0Although the bank is an integral part of Colombia, it is subject to a sovereignty dispute involving Honduras and the United States. \u00a0On November 19, 2012, in regards to Nicaraguan claims to the islands, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) found, unanimously, that the Republic of Colombia has sovereignty over Serranilla.<\/p>\n Serranilla Bank is a former atoll, now a mostly submerged carbonate platform consisting of shallow reef environments. \u00a0It is about 25 miles in length and 20 miles in width, covering an area of over 463 square miles, almost entirely under water. \u00a0Three small cays and two rocks emerge above the water to form the bank’s islands. \u00a0These are West Breaker, Middle Cay, East Cay, Beacon Cay and Northeast Breaker. \u00a0They are largely barren, with sparse vegetation of bushes and some trees. \u00a0Most of the reef is drying and many shipwrecks are located in its vicinity.<\/p>\n Beacon Cay is the largest islet in the Bank. \u00a0It is overbuilt with small military facilities, which house a small rotating garrison of Colombian naval personnel. \u00a0There is a lighthouse on a coral ledge in the southwest approach to the bank. \u00a0It is a 108 foot tall skeletal tower built atop a 3-storey crew residence. \u00a0The lamp emits a focal plane beam of light as two white flashes every 20 seconds. \u00a0The current lighthouse was first erected in 1982, and was reconstructed in May 2008 by the Colombian Ministry of Defense. \u00a0It is currently maintained by the Colombian Navy, and overseen by the state’s Maritime Authority.<\/p>\n The Serranilla Bank was first shown on Spanish maps in 1510 as Placer de la Serranilla. \u00a0It was mentioned by Louis-Michel Aury<\/a> whose ship was shipwrecked on it in 1820. \u00a0In later history it has been the subject of conflicting claims made by a number of sovereign states. \u00a0In most cases, the dispute stems from attempts by a state to expand its exclusive economic zone over the surrounding seas.<\/p>\n Between 1982 and 1986, Colombia maintained a formal agreement with Jamaica which granted regulated fishing rights to Jamaican vessels within the territorial waters of Serranilla Bank and nearby Bajo Nuevo Bank. \u00a0In November 1993, the two states agreed upon a maritime delimitation treaty establishing a “Joint Regime Area” to cooperatively manage and exploit living and non-living resources in designated waters between the two banks. \u00a0However, the territorial waters immediately surrounding the cays themselves were excluded from the zone of joint-control, as Colombia considers these areas to be part of her coastal waters. \u00a0The agreement came into force in March 1994.<\/p>\n Nicaragua lays claim to all the islands on its continental shelf, covering an area of over 19,000 square miles in the Caribbean Sea, including the Serranilla Bank and all islands associated with the San Andr\u00e9s and Providencia archipelagoes. \u00a0It has persistently pursued this claim against Colombia in the International Court of Justice (ICJ), filing cases in both 2001 and 2007.<\/p>\n The United States’ claim was made in 1879 and 1880 under the Guano Islands Act by James W. Jennett. \u00a0Most claims made by the U.S. over the guano islands in this region were officially renounced in a treaty with Colombia, dated September 1972. \u00a0But whether or not Serranilla Bank was included in the agreement is disputed\u2014there is no specific mention of the feature in the treaty and, as per Article 7 of the said treaty, only matters specifically mentioned in the document are subject to it. \u00a0According to other records, as well as claims made within the ICJ, Colombia is recognized by the United States as having varying degrees of sovereignty over Serranilla Bank through the treaty of 1972, which took effect in September 1981. \u00a0The U.S. considers the reef to be an unorganized, unincorporated United States territory.<\/p>\n Honduras claims Serranilla Bank as part of its national territory in Article 10 of its Constitution. \u00a0In 1986, it agreed upon a maritime boundary demarcation with Colombia that excluded Honduras of any control over the bank or its surrounding waters. \u00a0The ratification of this boundary on 20 December 1999 proved to be controversial within Honduras, as it ensured that the state implicitly recognised Colombia’s sovereignty over the claimed territory. \u00a0Nicaragua, which has not resolved its maritime borders with Honduras or Colombia, disputed Honduras’ legal right to hand over these areas before the ICJ. \u00a0Despite the agreement with Colombia, however, the Honduran government has yet to officially renounce the claim in the Constitution.<\/p>\n Navassa Island is a small uninhabited island in the Caribbean Sea. \u00a0Located northeast of Jamaica, south of Cuba<\/a>, 40 nautical miles west of J\u00e9r\u00e9mie<\/a> on the south west peninsula of Haiti<\/a>, the island is subject to an ongoing territorial dispute between Haiti and the United States, which administers it through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service<\/a>. \u00a0The U.S. has claimed the island since 1857, based on the Guano Islands Act of 1856. \u00a0Haiti’s claim over Navassa goes back to the Treaty of Ryswick in 1697<\/a> that established French possessions in Hispaniola <\/a>that were transferred from Spain<\/a> by the treaty. \u00a0As well as the western half of the main island and certain other specifically named nearby islands, Haiti’s 1801 constitution also claimed “other adjacent (but unnamed) islands”. \u00a0Navassa was not one of the named islands. \u00a0Since its 1874 Constitution, and after the establishment of the 1857 U.S. claim, Haiti has explicitly named “la Navase” as one of the territories it claims.<\/p>\n Navassa Island is about 2 square miles in area. \u00a0It is located 35 miles west of Haiti’s southwest peninsula, 103 miles south of the US naval base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba<\/a>, and about one-quarter of the way from mainland Haiti to Jamaica in the Jamaica Channel.<\/a><\/p>\n Navassa reaches an elevation of 250 feet at Dunning Hill 110 yards south of the lighthouse, Navassa Island Light<\/a>. \u00a0This location is 440 yards from the southwestern coast or 655 yards east of Lulu Bay.<\/p>\n The terrain of Navassa Island consists mostly of exposed coral and limestone, the island being ringed by vertical white cliffs 30 to 50 feet high, but with enough grassland to support goat herds. \u00a0The island is covered in a forest of four tree species: short-leaf fig (Ficus populnea var. brevifolia<\/em><\/a>), pigeon plum (Coccoloba diversifolia<\/em><\/a>), mastic (Sideroxylon foetidissimum<\/em><\/a>), and poisonwood (Metopium brownei<\/em><\/a>).<\/p>\n In 1504, Christopher Columbus<\/a>, stranded on Jamaica during his fourth voyage, sent some crew members by canoe to Hispaniola for help. \u00a0They ran into the island on the way, but it had no water. \u00a0They called it Navaza (from “nava-” meaning plain, or field), and it was avoided by mariners for the next 350 years.<\/p>\n From 1801 to 1867 the successive constitutions of Haiti claimed national sovereignty over adjacent islands, both named and unnamed, although Navassa was not specifically enumerated until 1874. \u00a0Despite this implicit claim, Navassa Island was claimed for the United States on September 19, 1857, by Peter Duncan, an American sea captain, under the Guano Islands Act of 1856, for the rich guano deposits found on the island, and for not being within the lawful jurisdiction of any other government, nor occupied by another government’s citizens.<\/p>\n Haiti protested the annexation, but on July 7, 1858, U.S. President James Buchanan<\/a> issued an Executive Order upholding the American claim, which also called for military action to enforce it. \u00a0Navassa Island has since been maintained by the United States as an unincorporated territory (according to the Insular Cases<\/a>). \u00a0The United States Supreme Court<\/a> on November 24, 1890, in Jones v. United States, 137 U.S. 202 (1890) Id. at 224 found that Navassa Island must be considered as appertaining to the United States, creating a legal history for the island under US law unlike many other islands originally claimed under the Guano Islands Act. \u00a0As listed in its 1987 constitution, Haiti maintains its claim to the island.<\/p>\n Guano phosphate<\/a> is a superior organic fertilizer that became a mainstay of American agriculture in the mid-19th century. \u00a0Duncan transferred his discoverer’s rights to his employer, an American guano trader in Jamaica, who sold them to the newly formed Navassa Phosphate Company of Baltimore. \u00a0After an interruption for the American Civil War<\/a>, the company built larger mining facilities on Navassa with barrack housing for 140 black contract laborers from Maryland<\/a>, houses for white supervisors, a blacksmith shop, warehouses, and a church.<\/p>\n Mining began in 1865. \u00a0The workers dug out the guano by dynamite and pick-axe and hauled it in rail cars to the landing point at Lulu Bay, where it was put into sacks and lowered onto boats for transfer to the Company barque, the S.S. Romance. \u00a0The living quarters at Lulu Bay were called Lulu Town, as appears on old maps. \u00a0Railway tracks eventually extended inland.<\/p>\n Hauling guano by muscle-power in the fierce tropical heat, combined with general disgruntlement with conditions on the island, eventually provoked a rebellion in 1889, in which five supervisors died. \u00a0A U.S. warship returned eighteen of the workers to Baltimore for three separate trials on murder charges. \u00a0A black fraternal society, the Order of Galilean Fisherman, raised money to defend the miners in federal court, and the defense built its case on the contention that the men acted in self-defense or in the heat of passion, and that the United States did not have jurisdiction over the island.<\/p>\n The cases, including Jones v. United States, 137 U.S. 202 (1890) went to the U.S. Supreme Court in October 1890, which ruled the Guano Act constitutional, and three of the miners were scheduled for execution in the spring of 1891. \u00a0A grass-roots petition driven by black churches around the country, also signed by white jurors from the three trials, reached President Benjamin Harrison<\/a>, who commuted the sentences to imprisonment and mentioned the case in a State of the Union Address. \u00a0Guano mining resumed on Navassa at a much reduced level. \u00a0The Spanish\u2013American War<\/a> of 1898 forced the Phosphate Company to evacuate the island and file for bankruptcy, and the new owners abandoned the island after 1901.<\/p>\n Navassa became significant again with the opening of the Panama Canal<\/a> in 1914. \u00a0Shipping between the American eastern seaboard and the Canal goes through the Windward Passage<\/a> between Cuba and Haiti. Navassa, a hazard to navigation, needed a lighthouse. \u00a0The U.S. Lighthouse Service<\/a> built Navassa Island Light, a 162-foot tower on the island in 1917, 395 feet above sea level. \u00a0A keeper and two assistants were assigned to live there until the Lighthouse Service installed an automatic beacon in 1929.<\/p>\n After absorbing the Lighthouse Service in 1939, the U.S. Coast Guard<\/a> serviced the light twice each year. \u00a0The U.S. Navy<\/a> set up an observation post for the duration of World War II<\/a>. \u00a0The island has been uninhabited since then. \u00a0Fishermen, mainly from Haiti, fish the waters around Navassa.<\/p>\n A scientific expedition from Harvard University<\/a> studied the land and marine life of the island in 1930. \u00a0After World War II amateur radio operators occasionally visited to operate from the territory, which is accorded “entity” (country) status by the American Radio Relay League<\/a>. \u00a0The callsign prefix is KP1. \u00a0From 1903 to 1917, Navassa was a dependency of the U.S. Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, and from 1917 to 1996 it was under United States Coast Guard administration.<\/p>\n In 1996 the Coast Guard dismantled the light on Navassa, which ended its interest in the island. \u00a0Consequently, the Department of the Interior<\/a> assumed responsibility for the civil administration of the area, and placed the island under its Office of Insular Affairs<\/a>. \u00a0For statistical purposes, Navassa was grouped with the now-obsolete term United States Miscellaneous Caribbean Islands<\/a> and is now grouped with other islands claimed by the U.S. under the Guano Islands Act as the United States Minor Outlying Islands<\/a>.<\/p>\n In 1997 an American salvager made a claim to Navassa to the Department of State based on the Guano Islands Act. \u00a0On March 27, 1997, the Department of the Interior rejected the claim on the basis that the Guano Islands Act applies only to islands which, at the time of the claim, are not “appertaining to” the United States. \u00a0The department’s opinion said that Navassa is and remains a U.S. possession “appertaining to” the United States and is “unavailable to be claimed” under the Guano Islands Act.<\/p>\n A 1998 scientific expedition led by the Center for Marine Conservation<\/a> in Washington, D.C.<\/a> described Navassa as “a unique preserve of Caribbean biodiversity.” \u00a0The island’s land and offshore ecosystems have survived the 20th century virtually untouched.<\/p>\n In September, 1999, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service established the Navassa Island National Wildlife Refuge<\/a>, which encompasses 1,344 acres of land and a 12 nautical mile radius of marine habitat around the island. \u00a0Later that year, full administrative responsibility for Navassa was transferred from the Office of Insular Affairs to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.<\/p>\n Due to hazardous coastal conditions, and for preservation of species habitat, the refuge is closed to the general public. \u00a0Visitors need permission from the Fish and Wildlife Office in Boquer\u00f3n<\/a>, Puerto Rico<\/a> to enter its territorial waters or land.<\/p>\n Since it became a National Wildlife Refuge, amateur radio operators have repeatedly been denied entry. \u00a0In October 2014 permission was granted for a two-week DX-pedition in February 2015. \u00a0The operation made 138,409 contacts.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" United States Minor Possessions – Caribbean Sea Unknown to most Americans, the United States maintains claims to three very small […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2127,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[32,6,7,29,41,40,10],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2123"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2123"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2123\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2127"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2123"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2123"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2123"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Geography:<\/h3>\n
![\"Bajo](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/04\/Bajo-Nuevo-300x210.png\" "\\"\\"")
Territorial Dispute:<\/h3>\n
Serranilla Bank<\/h2>\n
Introduction:<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/04\/Serranilla-Bank-Island-300x189.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/p>\nGeography:<\/h3>\n
![\"Serranilla](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/04\/Serranilla-Bank-300x197.png\" "\\"\\"")
History:<\/h3>\n
Navassa Island<\/h2>\n
Introduction:<\/h3>\n
Geography:<\/h3>\n
![\"Navassa](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/04\/Navassa-Island-Map-300x233.png\" "\\"\\"")
![\"Navassa](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/04\/Navassa-Coast-300x197.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
History:<\/h3>\n
![\"Navassa](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/04\/Navassa-From-Space-300x300.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
![\"Lighthouse](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/04\/Lighthouse-Keeper-Residence-Navassa_Island-300x194.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
![\"Navassa](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/04\/Navassa-Island-Lighthouse-199x300.jpg\" "\\"\\"")