![\"Schengen](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/05\/Schengen-Area-Map-297x300.png\" "\\"\\"")
The EU and European citizenship were established when the Maastricht Treaty<\/a> came into force in 1993. The EU traces its origins to the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)<\/a> and the European Economic Community (EEC)<\/a>, established, respectively, by the 1951 Treaty of Paris<\/a> and 1957 Treaty of Rome<\/a>. The original members of what came to be known as the European Communities were the Inner Six: Belgium<\/a>, France<\/a>, Italy<\/a>, Luxembourg<\/a>, the Netherlands<\/a>, and West Germany<\/a>. The Communities and its successors have grown in size by the accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to its remit. The latest major amendment to the constitutional basis of the EU, the Treaty of Lisbon<\/a>, came into force in 2009. While no member state has left the EU or its antecedent organisations, the United Kingdom<\/a> signified the intention to leave after a membership referendum in June 2016 and is negotiating its withdrawal on 29 March 2019.<\/p>\n Covering 7.3% of the world population, the EU in 2017 generated a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of 19.670 trillion US dollars, constituting approximately 24.6% of global nominal GDP.Additionally, all 28 EU countries have a very high Human Development Index,<\/a> according to the United Nations Development Programme<\/a>. In 2012, the EU was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize<\/a>. Through the Common Foreign and Security Policy<\/a>, the EU has developed a role in external relations and defense. The union maintains permanent diplomatic missions throughout the world and represents itself at the United Nations<\/a>, the World Trade Organization<\/a>, the G7<\/a> and the G20<\/a>. Because of its global influence, the European Union has been described as an emerging superpower.<\/p>\n During the centuries following the fall of Rome<\/a> in 476, several European States viewed themselves as translatio imperii of the defunct Roman Empire<\/a>: the Frankish Empire<\/a> (481\u2013843) and the Holy Roman Empire<\/a> (962\u20131806) were thereby attempts to resurrect Rome in the West.<\/p>\n This political philosophy of a supra-national rule over the continent, similar to the example of the ancient Roman Empire, resulted in the early Middle Ages in the concept of a renovatio imperii (“restoration of the empire), either in the forms of the Reichsidee (“imperial idea”) or the religiously inspired Imperium Christianum (“christian empire”). Medieval Christendom<\/a> and the political power of the Papacy<\/a> are often cited as conducive to European integration and unity.<\/p>\n In the oriental parts of the continent, the Russian Tsardom, and ultimately the Empire<\/a> (1547\u20131917), declared Moscow to be Third Rome and inheritor of the Eastern tradition after the fall of Constantinople<\/a> in 1453. The gap between Greek East and Latin West<\/a> had already been widened by the political scission of the Roman Empire in the 4th century and the Great Schism of 1054<\/a>; and would be eventually widened again by the Iron Curtain (1945\u201391)<\/a>.<\/p>\n Pan-European political thought truly emerged during the 19th century, inspired by the liberal ideas of the French<\/a> and American Revolutions<\/a> after the demise of Napol\u00e9on’s Empire<\/a> (1804\u201315). In the decades following the outcomes of the Congress of Vienna<\/a>, ideals of European unity flourished across the continent, especially in the writings of Wojciech Jastrz\u0119bowski<\/a>, Giuseppe Mazzini<\/a> or Theodore de Korwin Szymanowski<\/a>. The term United States of Europe (French: \u00c9tats-Unis d’Europe) was used at that time by Victor Hugo<\/a> during a speech at the International Peace Congress<\/a> held in Paris in 1849:<\/p>\n A day will come when all nations on our continent will form a European brotherhood … A day will come when we shall see … the United States of America and the United States of Europe face to face, reaching out for each other across the seas.<\/p>\n During the interwar period, the consciousness that national markets in Europe were interdependent though confrontational, along with the observation of a larger and growing US market on the other side of the ocean, nourished the urge for the economic integration of the continent. In 1920, advocating the creation of a European economic union, British economist John Maynard Keynes<\/a> wrote that “a Free Trade Union should be established … to impose no protectionist tariffs whatever against the produce of other members of the Union.” During the same decade, Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi,<\/a> one of the first to imagine of a modern political union of Europe, founded the Pan-Europa Movement<\/a>. His ideas influenced his contemporaries, among which then Prime Minister of France Aristide Briand<\/a>. In 1929, the latter gave a speech in favor of a European Union before the assembly of the League of Nations<\/a>, precursor of the United Nations. In a radio address in March 1943, with war still raging, Britain’s leader Sir Winston Churchill<\/a> spoke warmly of “restoring the true greatness of Europe” once victory had been achieved, and mused on the post-war creation of a “Council of Europe” which would bring the European nations together to build peace.<\/p>\n After World War II, European integration was seen as an antidote to the extreme nationalism which had devastated the continent. In a speech delivered on 19 September 1946 at the University of Z\u00fcrich<\/a>, Switzerland<\/a>, Winston Churchill went further and advocated the emergence of a United States of Europe. The 1948 Hague Congress<\/a> was a pivotal moment in European federal history, as it led to the creation of the European Movement International<\/a> and of the College of Europe<\/a>, where Europe’s future leaders would live and study together.<\/p>\n It also led directly to the founding of the Council of Europe<\/a> in 1949, the first great effort to bring the nations of Europe together, initially ten of them. However, the Council focused primarily on values\u2014human rights and democracy\u2014rather than on economic or trade issues, and was always envisaged as a forum where sovereign governments could choose to work together, with no supra-national authority. It raised great hopes of further European integration, and there were fevered debates in the two years that followed as to how this could be achieved.<\/p>\n But in 1952, disappointed at what they saw as the lack of progress within the Council of Europe, six nations decided to go further and created the European Coal and Steel Community<\/a>, which was declared to be “a first step in the federation of Europe”. European leaders Alcide De Gasperi<\/a> from Italy, Jean Monnet<\/a> and Robert Schuman<\/a> from France, and Paul-Henri Spaak<\/a> from Belgium understood that coal and steel were the two industries essential for waging war, and believed that by tying their national industries together, future war between their nations became much less likely. These men and others are officially credited as the founding fathers of the European Union.<\/p>\n In 1957, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany signed the Treaty of Rome, which created the European Economic Community (EEC) and established a customs union. They also signed another pact creating the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom)<\/a> for co-operation in developing nuclear energy. Both treaties came into force in 1958.<\/p>\n The EEC and Euratom were created separately from the ECSC, although they shared the same courts and the Common Assembly. The EEC was headed by Walter Hallstein<\/a> (Hallstein Commission) and Euratom was headed by Louis Armand<\/a> (Armand Commission) and then \u00c9tienne Hirsch<\/a>. Euratom was to integrate sectors in nuclear energy while the EEC would develop a customs union among members.<\/p>\n During the 1960s, tensions began to show, with France seeking to limit supranational power. Nevertheless, in 1965 an agreement was reached and on 1 July 1967 the Merger Treaty<\/a> created a single set of institutions for the three communities, which were collectively referred to as the European Communities. Jean Rey presided over the first merged Commission (Rey Commission).<\/p>\n In 1973, the Communities were enlarged to include Denmark<\/a> (including Greenland<\/a>, which later left the Communities in 1985, following a dispute over fishing rights), Ireland<\/a>, and the United Kingdom. Norway<\/a> had negotiated to join at the same time, but Norwegian voters rejected membership in a referendum. In 1979, the first direct elections to the European Parliament<\/a> were held.<\/p>\n Greece<\/a> joined in 1981, Portugal<\/a> and Spain<\/a> following in 1986. In 1985, the Schengen Agreement paved the way for the creation of open borders without passport controls between most member states and some non-member states. In 1986, the European flag began to be used by the EEC and the Single European Act<\/a> was signed.<\/p>\n In 1990, after the fall of the Eastern Bloc<\/a>, the former East Germany<\/a> became part of the Communities as part of a reunified Germany<\/a>. A close fiscal integration with the introduction of the euro was not matched by institutional oversight making things more troubling. Attempts to solve the problems and to make the EU more efficient and coherent had limited success.<\/p>\n The European Union was formally established when the Maastricht Treaty\u2014whose main architects were Helmut Kohl<\/a> and Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand<\/a>\u2014came into force on 1 November 1993. The treaty also gave the name European Community to the EEC, even if it was referred as such before the treaty. With further enlargement planned to include the former communist states of Central<\/a> and Eastern Europe<\/a>, as well as Cyprus<\/a> and Malta<\/a>, the Copenhagen<\/a> criteria for candidate members to join the EU were agreed upon in June 1993. The expansion of the EU introduced a new level of complexity and discord. In 1995, Austria<\/a>, Finland<\/a>, and Sweden<\/a> joined the EU.<\/p>\n In 2002, euro banknotes<\/a> and coins<\/a> replaced national currencies in 12 of the member states. Since then, the eurozone<\/a> has increased to encompass 19 countries. The euro currency became the second largest reserve currency in the world. In 2004, the EU saw its biggest enlargement to date when Cyprus, the Czech Republic<\/a>, Estonia<\/a>, Hungary<\/a>, Latvia<\/a>, Lithuania<\/a>, Malta, Poland<\/a>, Slovakia<\/a>, and Slovenia joined the Union.<\/p>\n In 2007, Bulgaria<\/a> and Romania<\/a> became EU members. The same year, Slovenia adopted the euro, followed in 2008 by Cyprus and Malta, by Slovakia in 2009, by Estonia in 2011, by Latvia in 2014, and by Lithuania in 2015.<\/p>\n On 1 December 2009, the Lisbon Treaty entered into force and reformed many aspects of the EU. In particular, it changed the legal structure of the European Union, merging the EU three pillars system into a single legal entity provisioned with a legal personality, created a permanent President of the European Council<\/a>, the first of which was Herman Van Rompuy<\/a>, and strengthened the position of the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy.<\/a><\/p>\n In 2012, the EU received the Nobel Peace Prize for having “contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy, and human rights in Europe.” In 2013, Croatia<\/a> became the 28th EU member.<\/p>\n From the beginning of the 2010s, the cohesion of the European Union has been tested by several issues, including a debt crisis in some of the Eurozone countries, increasing migration from the Middle East<\/a>, and the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the EU<\/a>. A referendum in the UK on its membership of the European Union was held in 2016, with 51.9% of participants voting to leave. The UK formally notified the European Council of its decision to leave on 29 March 2017 initiating the formal withdrawal procedure for leaving the EU, committing the UK to leave the EU on 29 March 2019.<\/p>\n The European Union Nations are:<\/p>\n The EU’s member states cover an area of 4,423,147 square kilometres. The EU’s highest peak is Mont Blanc<\/a> in the Graian Alps<\/a>, 4,810.45 meters above sea level. The lowest points in the EU are Lammefjorden, Denmark<\/a> and Zuidplaspolder, Netherlands<\/a>, at 7 m below sea level. The landscape, climate, and economy of the EU are influenced by its coastline, which is 65,993 kilometers long.<\/p>\n Including the overseas territories of France which are located outside the continent of Europe, but which are members of the union, the EU experiences most types of climate from Arctic (North-East Europe<\/a>) to tropical (French Guiana<\/a>), rendering meteorological averages for the EU as a whole meaningless. The majority of the population lives in areas with a temperate maritime climate (North-Western Europe<\/a> and Central Europe), a Mediterranean climate (Southern Europe), or a warm summer continental or hemiboreal<\/a> climate (Northern Balkans<\/a> and Central Europe).<\/p>\n The EU’s population is highly urbanised, with some 75% of inhabitants living in urban areas as of 2006. Cities are largely spread out across the EU, although with a large grouping in and around the Benelux<\/a>.<\/p>\n The European Union has established a single market across the territory of all its members representing 512 million citizens. In 2017, the EU had a combined GDP of $21 trillion international dollars, a 17% share of global gross domestic product by purchasing power parity (PPP). As a political entity the European Union is represented in the World Trade Organization (WTO). EU member states own the estimated second largest after the United States (US$98.2 trillion) net wealth in the world, equal to 25% (US$78 trillion) of the $317 trillion(~\u20ac280 trillion) global wealth.<\/p>\n 19 member states have joined a monetary union known as the eurozone, which uses the Euro as a single currency. The currency union represents 342 million EU citizens. The euro is the second largest reserve currency as well as the second most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar.<\/p>\n Of the top 500 largest corporations in the world measured by revenue in 2010, 161 have their headquarters in the EU. In 2016, unemployment in the EU stood at 8.9% while inflation was at 2.2%, and the current account balance at \u22120.9% of GDP. The average annual net earnings in the European Union was around \u20ac24,000 (US$30,000) in 2015, which was about 70% of that in the United States.<\/p>\n Structural Funds and Cohesion Funds<\/a> are supporting the development of underdeveloped regions of the EU. Such regions are primarily located in the states of central and southern Europe. Several funds provide emergency aid, support for candidate members to transform their country to conform to the EU’s standard (Phare<\/a>, ISPA<\/a>, and SAPARD<\/a>), and support to the Commonwealth of Independent States (TACIS)<\/a>. TACIS has now become part of the worldwide EuropeAid programme<\/a>. EU research and technological framework programmes sponsor research conducted by consortia from all EU members to work towards a single European Research Area<\/a>.<\/p>\n Two of the original core objectives of the European Economic Community were the development of a common market, subsequently becoming a single market, and a customs union between its member states. The single market involves the free circulation of goods, capital, people, and services within the EU, and the customs union involves the application of a common external tariff on all goods entering the market. Once goods have been admitted into the market they cannot be subjected to customs duties, discriminatory taxes or import quotas, as they travel internally. The non-EU member states of Iceland<\/a>, Norway<\/a>, Liechtenstein<\/a> and Switzerland participate in the single market but not in the customs union. Half the trade in the EU is covered by legislation harmonised by the EU.<\/p>\n Free movement of capital is intended to permit movement of investments such as property purchases and buying of shares between countries. Until the drive towards economic and monetary union the development of the capital provisions had been slow. Post-Maastricht there has been a rapidly developing corpus of ECJ judgements regarding this initially neglected freedom. The free movement of capital is unique insofar as it is granted equally to non-member states.<\/p>\n The free movement of persons means that EU citizens can move freely between member states to live, work, study or retire in another country. This required the lowering of administrative formalities and recognition of professional qualifications of other states.<\/p>\n The free movement of services and of establishment allows self-employed persons to move between member states to provide services on a temporary or permanent basis. While services account for 60\u201370% of GDP, legislation in the area is not as developed as in other areas. This lacuna has been addressed by the recently passed Directive on services in the internal market which aims to liberalize the cross border provision of services. According to the Treaty the provision of services is a residual freedom that only applies if no other freedom is being exercised.<\/p>\n The creation of a European single currency became an official objective of the European Economic Community in 1969. In 1992, having negotiated the structure and procedures of a currency union, the member states signed the Maastricht Treaty and were legally bound to fulfil the agreed-on rules including the convergence criteria if they wanted to join the monetary union. The states wanting to participate had first to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism<\/a>.<\/p>\n In 1999 the currency union started, first as an accounting currency with eleven member states joining. In 2002, the currency was fully put into place, when euro notes and coins were issued and national currencies began to phase out in the eurozone, which by then consisted of 12 member states. The eurozone (constituted by the EU member states which have adopted the euro) has since grown to 19 countries.<\/p>\n The euro, and the monetary policies of those who have adopted it in agreement with the EU, are under the control of the European Central Bank (ECB). The ECB is the central bank for the eurozone, and thus controls monetary policy in that area with an agenda to maintain price stability. It is at the center of the European System of Central Banks<\/a>, which comprehends all EU national central banks and is controlled by its General Council, consisting of the President of the ECB, who is appointed by the European Council, the Vice-President of the ECB, and the governors of the national central banks of all 28 EU member states.<\/p>\n The European System of Financial Supervision<\/a> is an institutional architecture of the EU’s framework of financial supervision composed by three authorities: the European Banking Authority<\/a>, the European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority<\/a> and the European Securities and Markets Authority<\/a>. To complement this framework, there is also a European Systemic Risk Board<\/a> under the responsibility of the ECB. The aim of this financial control system is to ensure the economic stability of the EU.<\/p>\n To prevent the joining states from getting into financial trouble or crisis after entering the monetary union, they were obliged in the Maastricht treaty to fulfil important financial obligations and procedures, especially to show budgetary discipline and a high degree of sustainable economic convergence, as well as to avoid excessive government deficits and limit the government debt to a sustainable level.<\/p>\n The EU is working to improve cross-border infrastructure within the EU, for example through the Trans-European Networks (TEN)<\/a>. Projects under TEN include the Channel Tunnel<\/a>, LGV Est<\/a>, the Fr\u00e9jus Rail Tunnel<\/a>, the \u00d6resund Bridge<\/a>, the Brenner Base Tunnel<\/a> and the Strait of Messina Bridge<\/a>. In 2010 the estimated network covers: 75,200 kilometres of roads; 78,000 kilometres of railways; 330 airports; 270 maritime harbours; and 210 internal harbours.<\/p>\n Rail transport in Europe is being synchronised with the European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS)<\/a>, an initiative to greatly enhance safety, increase efficiency of trains and enhance cross-border inter-operability of rail transport in Europe by replacing signalling equipment with digitized mostly wireless versions and by creating a single Europe-wide standard for train control and command systems.<\/p>\n The developing European transport policies will increase the pressure on the environment in many regions by the increased transport network. In the pre-2004 EU members, the major problem in transport deals with congestion and pollution. After the recent enlargement, the new states that joined since 2004 added the problem of solving accessibility to the transport agenda. The Polish road network was upgraded such as the A4 autostrada.<\/p>\n The Galileo positioning system<\/a> is another EU infrastructure project. Galileo is a proposed Satellite navigation system, to be built by the EU and launched by the European Space Agency (ESA)<\/a>. The Galileo project was launched partly to reduce the EU’s dependency on the US-operated Global Positioning System<\/a>, but also to give more complete global coverage and allow for greater accuracy, given the aged nature of the GPS system.<\/p>\n The European Flag or Flag of Europe is an official symbol of two separate international organisations, the Council of Europe (CoE) and the European Union (EU). It consists of a circle of twelve five-pointed yellow stars on a blue (azure) field.<\/p>\n The flag was designed in 1955, and officially launched later that year by the Council of Europe as a symbol for the whole of Europe. The Council of Europe urged it to be adopted by other European organisations, and in 1985 the European Communities (EC) adopted it.<\/p>\n The EU inherited the flag’s use when it was formed in 1993, being the successor organisation to the EC starting from 1 December 2009 (date of entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty). It has been in wide official use by the EC since the 1990s, but it has never been given official status in any of the EU’s treaties. Its adoption as an official symbol of the EU was planned as part of the proposed 2004 European Constitution, which failed to be ratified in 2005. Alternatively, it is sometimes called the Flag of the European Union when representing the EU.<\/p>\n Since its adoption by the European Union, it has become broadly associated with the supranational organisation, due to its high profile and heavy usage of the emblem. It has also been used by pro-EU protestors in the colour revolutions of the 2000s, e.g., in Belarus (2004) or Moldova.<\/p>\n The graphical specifications given by the EU in 1996 describe the design as: “On an azure field a circle of twelve golden mullets, their points not touching.”[7]<\/p>\n According to graphical specifications published online by the Council of Europe in 2004, the flag is rectangular with 2:3 proportions: its fly (width) is one and a half times the length of its hoist (height). Twelve yellow stars are centred in a circle (the radius of which is a third of the length of the hoist) upon a blue background. All the stars are upright (one point straight up), have five points and are spaced equally, like the hour positions on the face of a clock. The diameter of each star is equal to one-ninth of the height of the hoist.<\/p>\n The colours are regulated in the 1996 guide by the EC, and equivalently in the 2004 guide by the Council of Europe. The base colour of the flag is defined as Pantone “Reflex Blue”, while the golden stars are portrayed in Pantone “Yellow”:<\/p>\n The Council of Europe gave the 1955 flag a symbolic description in the following terms:<\/p>\n Against the blue sky of the Western world, the stars represent the peoples of Europe in a circle, a symbol of unity. Their number shall be invariably set at twelve, the symbol of completeness and perfection. The number of stars is not related to the number of member states of the EU (although the EU happened to have 12 member states at the time of Maastricht Treaty).<\/p>\n The twelve-star “flag of Europe” was designed in 1950 and officially adopted by the Council of Europe in 1955. The same flag was adopted by the European Parliament in 1983. The European Council adopted it was an “emblem” for the European Communities in 1985. Its status in the European Communities was inherited by the European Union upon its formation in 1993. The proposal to adopt it as official flag of the European Union failed with the ratification of the European Constitution in 2005, and mention of all emblems suggesting statehood was removed from the Treaty of Lisbon of 2007, although sixteen member states signed a declaration supporting the continued use of the flag. In 2007, the European Parliament officially adopted the flag for its own use.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Including the overseas territories of France which are located outside the continent of Europe, but which are members of the union, the EU experiences most types of climate from Arctic (North-East Europe) to tropical (French Guiana), rendering meteorological averages for the EU as a whole meaningless. The majority of the population lives in areas with a temperate maritime climate (North-Western Europe and Central Europe), a Mediterranean climate (Southern Europe), or a warm summer continental or hemiboreal climate (Northern Balkans and Central Europe).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2372,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[26,5,6,7,54,18],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2371"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2371"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2371\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2372"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2371"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2371"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2371"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}History:<\/h2>\n
Europe in the Early Middle Ages to the Middle of the 20th Century:<\/h3>\n
![\"Map](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/05\/Map-of-Early-European-Migrations-300x183.png\" "\\"\\"")
![\"Roman](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/05\/Roman-Empire-in-117-300x182.png\" "\\"\\"")
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/05\/Europe-in-the-Early-Middle-Ages-300x197.png\" "\\"\\"")
![\"Congress](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/05\/Congress-of-Vienna-300x203.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
Preliminary (1945\u201357):<\/h3>\n
![\"European](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/05\/European-Coal-and-Steel-Community-Map-1952.png\" "\\"\\"")
Treaty of Rome (1957\u201392):<\/h3>\n
![\"Fall](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/05\/Fall-of-the-Berlin-Wall-300x226.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
Maastricht Treaty (1992\u20132007):<\/h3>\n
Lisbon Treaty (2007\u2013present):<\/h3>\n
![\"Lisbon](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/05\/Lisbon-Treaty-300x179.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
Geography:<\/h2>\n
![\"Map](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/05\/Map-of-the-European-Union-300x231.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
\n
![\"French](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/05\/French-Overseas-Territories-300x128.png\" "\\"\\"")
Economy:<\/h2>\n
![\"Eurozone](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/05\/Eurozone-Map-300x300.png\" "\\"\\"")
Internal Market:<\/h3>\n
Monetary Union:<\/h3>\n
![\"The](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/05\/The-Euro-300x220.png\" "\\"\\"")
Transportation:<\/h2>\n
![\"Major](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/05\/Major-Rail-Improvements-212x300.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
The Flag:<\/h2>\n
![\"Flag](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/05\/Flag-of-the-European-Union-1-300x200.png\" "\\"\\"")
Design:<\/h3>\n
Colors:<\/h3>\n
Symbolism:<\/h3>\n
History:<\/h3>\n