![\"NATO](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/05\/NATO-Headquarters-300x170.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
Since its founding, the admission of new member states has increased the alliance from the original 12 countries to 29. The most recent member state to be added to NATO is Montenegro<\/a> on 5 June 2017. NATO currently recognizes Bosnia and Herzegovina<\/a>, Georgia<\/a>, North Macedonia<\/a> and Ukraine<\/a> as aspiring members. An additional 21 countries participate in NATO’s Partnership for Peace program<\/a>, with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programs. The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70% of the global total. Members have committed to reach or maintain defense spending of at least 2% of GDP by 2024.<\/p>\n On 4 March 1947 the Treaty of Dunkirk<\/a> was signed by France<\/a> and the United Kingdom<\/a> as a Treaty of Alliance and Mutual Assistance in the event of a possible attack by Germany<\/a> or the Soviet Union<\/a> in the aftermath of World War II. In 1948, this alliance was expanded to include the Benelux countries<\/a>, in the form of the Western Union, also referred to as the Brussels Treaty Organization (BTO)<\/a>, established by the Treaty of Brussels. Talks for a new military alliance which could also include North America resulted in the signature of the North Atlantic Treaty<\/a> on 4 April 1949 by the member states of the Western Union plus the United States<\/a>, Canada<\/a>, Portugal<\/a>, Italy<\/a>, Norway<\/a>, Denmark<\/a> and Iceland<\/a>.<\/p>\n The North Atlantic Treaty was largely dormant until the Korean War<\/a> initiated the establishment of NATO to implement it, by means of an integrated military structure: This included the formation of Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE)<\/a> in 1951, which adopted the Western Union’s military structures and plans. In 1952 the post of Secretary General of NATO was established as the organization’s chief civilian, the first major NATO maritime exercises began; Exercise Mainbrace<\/a>, and Greece<\/a> and Turkey<\/a> acceded. In 1955 West Germany<\/a> was also incorporated into NATO, which resulted in the creation of the Soviet-dominated Warsaw Pact<\/a>, delineating the two opposing sides of the Cold War<\/a>.<\/p>\n Doubts over the strength of the relationship between the European states and the United States ebbed and flowed, along with doubts over the credibility of the NATO defense against a prospective Soviet invasion \u2013 doubts that led to the development of the independent French nuclear deterrent<\/a> and the withdrawal of France from NATO’s military structure in 1966. In 1982 the newly democratic Spain<\/a> joined the alliance.<\/p>\n The collapse of the Warsaw Pact in 1989\u20131991<\/a> removed the de-facto main adversary of NATO and caused a strategic re-evaluation of NATO’s purpose, nature, tasks, and focus on the continent of Europe. This shift started with the 1990 signing in Paris of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe<\/a> between NATO and the Soviet Union, which mandated specific military reductions across the continent that continued after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991. At that time, European countries accounted for 34 percent of NATO’s military spending; by 2012, this had fallen to 21 percent. NATO also began a gradual expansion to include newly autonomous Central<\/a> and Eastern European<\/a> nations, and extended its activities into political and humanitarian situations that had not formerly been NATO concerns.<\/p>\n After the fall of the Berlin Wall<\/a> in Germany in 1989, the organization conducted its first military interventions in Bosnia from 1992 to 1995 and later Yugoslavia<\/a> in 1999 during the breakup of Yugoslavia<\/a>. Politically, the organization sought better relations with former Warsaw Pact countries, most of which joined the alliance in 1999 and 2004. Article 5 of the North Atlantic treaty, requiring member states to come to the aid of any member state subject to an armed attack, was invoked for the first and only time after the September 11 attacks, after which troops were deployed to Afghanistan<\/a> under the NATO-led ISAF<\/a>. The organization has operated a range of additional roles since then, including sending trainers to Iraq<\/a>, assisting in counter-piracy operations and in 2011 enforcing a no-fly zone over Libya<\/a> in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 1973<\/a>. The less potent Article 4, which merely invokes consultation among NATO members, has been invoked five times following incidents in the Iraq War<\/a>, Syrian Civil War<\/a>, and annexation of Crimea<\/a>.<\/p>\n The first post-Cold War expansion of NATO came with German reunification<\/a> on 3 October 1990, when the former East Germany<\/a> became part of the Federal Republic of Germany and the alliance. As part of post-Cold War restructuring, NATO’s military structure was cut back and reorganized, with new forces such as the Headquarters Allied Command Europe Rapid Reaction Corps<\/a> established. The changes brought about by the collapse of the Soviet Union on the military balance in Europe were recognized in the Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty<\/a>, which was signed in 1999. The policies of French President Nicolas Sarkozy<\/a> resulted in a major reform of France’s military position, culminating with the return to full membership on 4 April 2009, which also included France rejoining the NATO Military Command Structure<\/a>, while maintaining an independent nuclear deterrent.<\/p>\n Between 1994 and 1997, wider forums for regional cooperation between NATO and its neighbors were set up, like the Partnership for Peace, the Mediterranean Dialogue initiative<\/a> and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council<\/a>. In 1998, the NATO\u2013Russia Permanent Joint Council<\/a> was established. Between 1999 and 2017 NATO incorporated the following Central and Eastern European countries, including several former communist states: the Czech Republic<\/a>, Hungary<\/a>, Poland<\/a>, Bulgaria<\/a>, Estonia<\/a>, Latvia<\/a>, Lithuania<\/a>, Romania<\/a>, Slovakia<\/a>, Slovenia<\/a>, Albania<\/a>, Croatia<\/a> and Montenegro<\/a>.<\/p>\n The Russian intervention in Crimea in 2014 lead to strong condemnation by NATO nations and the creation of a new “spearhead” force of 5,000 troops at bases in Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Romania, and Bulgaria. At the subsequent 2014 Wales summit<\/a>, the leaders of NATO’s member states formally committed for the first time spend the equivalent of at least 2% of their gross domestic products on defense by 2024, which had previously been only an informal guideline.<\/p>\n No military operations were conducted by NATO during the Cold War. Following the end of the Cold War, the first operations, Anchor Guard<\/a> in 1990 and Ace Guard<\/a> in 1991, were prompted by the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait<\/a>. Airborne early warning aircraft were sent to provide coverage of southeastern Turkey, and later a quick-reaction force was deployed to the area.<\/p>\n The Bosnian War<\/a> began in 1992, as a result of the breakup of Yugoslavia. The deteriorating situation led to United Nations Security Council Resolution 816<\/a> on 9 October 1992, ordering a no-fly zone over central Bosnia and Herzegovina, which NATO began enforcing on 12 April 1993 with Operation Deny Flight<\/a>. From June 1993 until October 1996, Operation Sharp Guard<\/a> added maritime enforcement of the arms embargo and economic sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia<\/a>. On 28 February 1994, NATO took its first wartime action by shooting down four Bosnian Serb aircraft violating the no-fly zone.<\/p>\n On 10 and 11 April 1994, during the Bosnian War, the United Nations Protection Force<\/a> called in air strikes to protect the Gora\u017ede safe area, resulting in the bombing of a Bosnian Serb military command outpost near Gora\u017ede<\/a> by two US F-16 jets<\/a> acting under NATO direction. This resulted in the taking of 150 U.N. personnel hostage on 14 April. On 16 April a British Sea Harrier<\/a> was shot down over Gora\u017ede by Serb forces. A two-week NATO bombing campaign, Operation Deliberate Force<\/a>, began in August 1995 against the Army of the Republika Srpska<\/a>, after the Srebrenica massacre.<\/a><\/p>\n NATO air strikes that year helped bring the Yugoslav wars to an end, resulting in the Dayton Agreement<\/a> in November 1995. As part of this agreement, NATO deployed a UN-mandated peacekeeping force, under Operation Joint Endeavor<\/a>, named IFOR. Almost 60,000 NATO troops were joined by forces from non-NATO nations in this peacekeeping mission. This transitioned into the smaller SFOR<\/a>, which started with 32,000 troops initially and ran from December 1996 until December 2004, when operations were then passed onto European Union Force Althea<\/a>. Following the lead of its member nations, NATO began to award a service medal, the NATO Medal<\/a>, for these operations.<\/p>\n In an effort to stop Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107’s<\/a> Serbian-led crackdown on KLA separatists<\/a> and Albanian civilians in Kosovo<\/a>, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1199<\/a> on 23 September 1998 to demand a ceasefire. Negotiations under US Special Envoy Richard Holbrooke<\/a> broke down on 23 March 1999, and he handed the matter to NATO, which started a 78-day bombing campaign on 24 March 1999. Operation Allied Force<\/a> targeted the military capabilities of what was then the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. During the crisis, NATO also deployed one of its international reaction forces, the ACE Mobile Force<\/a> (Land), to Albania as the Albania Force (AFOR), to deliver humanitarian aid to refugees from Kosovo.<\/p>\n Though the campaign was criticized for high civilian casualties, including bombing of the Chinese embassy<\/a> in Belgrade<\/a>, Milo\u0161evi\u0107 finally accepted the terms of an international peace plan on 3 June 1999, ending the Kosovo War<\/a>. On 11 June, Milo\u0161evi\u0107 further accepted UN resolution 1244, under the mandate of which NATO then helped establish the KFOR peacekeeping force<\/a>. Nearly one million refugees had fled Kosovo, and part of KFOR’s mandate was to protect the humanitarian missions, in addition to deterring violence. In August\u2013September 2001, the alliance also mounted Operation Essential Harvest<\/a>, a mission disarming ethnic Albanian militias in the Republic of Macedonia. As of 1 December 2013, 4,882 KFOR soldiers, representing 31 countries, continue to operate in the area.<\/p>\n The US, the UK, and most other NATO countries opposed efforts to require the UN Security Council to approve NATO military strikes, such as the action against Serbia in 1999, while France and some others claimed that the alliance needed UN approval. The US\/UK side claimed that this would undermine the authority of the alliance, and they noted that Russia<\/a> and China<\/a> would have exercised their Security Council<\/a> vetoes to block the strike on Yugoslavia, and could do the same in future conflicts where NATO intervention was required, thus nullifying the entire potency and purpose of the organization. Recognizing the post-Cold War military environment, NATO adopted the Alliance Strategic Concept<\/a> during its Washington<\/a> summit in April 1999 that emphasized conflict prevention and crisis management.<\/p>\n The September 11 attacks<\/a> in the United States caused NATO to invoke Article 5 of the NATO Charter<\/a> for the first time in the organization’s history. The Article says that an attack on any member shall be considered to be an attack on all. The invocation was confirmed on 4 October 2001 when NATO determined that the attacks were indeed eligible under the terms of the North Atlantic Treaty. The eight official actions taken by NATO in response to the attacks included Operation Eagle Assist<\/a> and Operation Active Endeavour<\/a>, a naval operation in the Mediterranean Sea which is designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction, as well as enhancing the security of shipping in general which began on 4 October 2001.<\/p>\n The alliance showed unity: On 16 April 2003, NATO agreed to take command of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), which includes troops from 42 countries. The decision came at the request of Germany and the Netherlands<\/a>, the two nations leading ISAF at the time of the agreement, and all nineteen NATO ambassadors approved it unanimously. The handover of control to NATO took place on 11 August, and marked the first time in NATO’s history that it took charge of a mission outside the north Atlantic area.<\/p>\n ISAF was initially charged with securing Kabul<\/a> and surrounding areas from the Taliban<\/a>, al Qaeda<\/a> and factional warlords, so as to allow for the establishment of the Afghan Transitional Administration<\/a> headed by Hamid Karzai<\/a>. In October 2003, the UN Security Council authorized the expansion of the ISAF mission throughout Afghanistan, and ISAF subsequently expanded the mission in four main stages over the whole of the country.<\/p>\n On 31 July 2006, the ISAF additionally took over military operations in the south of Afghanistan from a US-led anti-terrorism coalition. Due to the intensity of the fighting in the south, in 2011 France allowed a squadron of Mirage 2000 fighter\/attack aircraft<\/a> to be moved into the area, to Kandahar<\/a>, in order to reinforce the alliance’s efforts. During its 2012 Chicago Summit<\/a>, NATO endorsed a plan to end the Afghanistan war and to remove the NATO-led ISAF Forces by the end of December 2014. ISAF was disestablished in December 2014 and replaced by the follow-on training Resolute Support Mission<\/a>.<\/p>\n In August 2004, during the Iraq War, NATO formed the NATO Training Mission \u2013 Iraq<\/a>, a training mission to assist the Iraqi security forces in conjunction with the US led MNF-I<\/a>. The NATO Training Mission-Iraq (NTM-I) was established at the request of the Iraqi Interim Government<\/a> under the provisions of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1546<\/a>. The aim of NTM-I was to assist in the development of Iraqi security forces training structures and institutions so that Iraq can build an effective and sustainable capability that addresses the needs of the nation. NTM-I was not a combat mission but is a distinct mission, under the political control of NATO’s North Atlantic Council<\/a>. Its operational emphasis was on training and mentoring. The activities of the mission were coordinated with Iraqi authorities and the US-led Deputy Commanding General Advising and Training<\/a>, who was also dual-hatted as the Commander of NTM-I. The mission officially concluded on 17 December 2011.<\/p>\n Turkey invoked the first Article 4 meetings in 2003 at the start of the Iraq War. Turkey also invoked this article twice in 2012 during the Syrian Civil War, after the downing of an unarmed Turkish F-4 reconnaissance jet, and after a mortar was fired at Turkey from Syria<\/a>, and again in 2015 after threats by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant<\/a> to its territorial integrity.<\/p>\n Beginning on 17 August 2009, NATO deployed warships in an operation to protect maritime traffic in the Gulf of Aden<\/a> and the Indian Ocean<\/a> from Somali pirates<\/a>, and help strengthen the navies and coast guards of regional states. The operation was approved by the North Atlantic Council and involves warships primarily from the United States though vessels from many other nations are also included.<\/p>\n Operation Ocean Shield<\/a> focuses on protecting the ships of Operation Allied Provider<\/a> which are distributing aid as part of the World Food Programme<\/a> mission in Somalia<\/a>. Russia, China and South Korea<\/a> have sent warships to participate in the activities as well. The operation seeks to dissuade and interrupt pirate attacks, protect vessels, and abetting to increase the general level of security in the region.<\/p>\n During the Libyan Civil War<\/a>, violence between protesters and the Libyan government under Colonel Muammar Gaddafi<\/a> escalated, and on 17 March 2011 led to the passage of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973, which called for a ceasefire, and authorized military action to protect civilians. A coalition that included several NATO members began enforcing a no-fly zone over Libya shortly afterwards, beginning with Op\u00e9ration Harmattan<\/a> by the French Air Force<\/a> on March 19.<\/p>\n On 20 March 2011, NATO states agreed on enforcing an arms embargo against Libya with Operation Unified Protector<\/a> using ships from NATO Standing Maritime Group 1<\/a> and Standing Mine Countermeasures Group 1<\/a>, and additional ships and submarines from NATO members. They would “monitor, report and, if needed, interdict vessels suspected of carrying illegal arms or mercenaries”.<\/p>\n On 24 March, NATO agreed to take control of the no-fly zone from the initial coalition, while command of targeting ground units remained with the coalition’s forces. NATO began officially enforcing the UN resolution on 27 March 2011 with assistance from Qatar<\/a> and the United Arab Emirates.<\/a> By June, reports of divisions within the alliance surfaced as only eight of the 28 member nations were participating in combat operations, resulting in a confrontation between US Defense Secretary Robert Gates<\/a> and countries such as Poland, Spain, the Netherlands, Turkey, and Germany to contribute more, the latter believing the organization has overstepped its mandate in the conflict. In his final policy speech in Brussels on 10 June, Gates further criticized allied countries in suggesting their actions could cause the demise of NATO. The German foreign ministry pointed to “a considerable [German] contribution to NATO and NATO-led operations” and to the fact that this engagement was highly valued by President Obama<\/a>.<\/p>\n While the mission was extended into September, Norway that day announced it would begin scaling down contributions and complete withdrawal by 1 August. Earlier that week it was reported Danish air fighters were running out of bombs. The following week, the head of the Royal Navy<\/a> said the country’s operations in the conflict were not sustainable. By the end of the mission in October 2011, after the death of Colonel Gaddafi,<\/a> NATO planes had flown about 9,500 strike sorties against pro-Gaddafi targets. A report from the organization Human Rights Watch<\/a> in May 2012 identified at least 72 civilians killed in the campaign. Following a coup d’\u00e9tat attempt in October 2013, Libyan Prime Minister Ali Zeidan<\/a> requested technical advice and trainers from NATO to assist with ongoing security issues.<\/p>\n The member nations of NATO are:<\/p>\n The first 12 nations listed were original members, listed here in alphabetical order.\u00a0 Other nations follow in order of admission, again in alphabetical order where more than one nation joined in a year.<\/p>\n New membership in the alliance has been largely from Central and Eastern Europe, including former members of the Warsaw Pact. Accession to the alliance is governed with individual Membership Action Plans, and requires approval by each current member. NATO currently has two candidate countries that are in the process of joining the alliance: Bosnia and Herzegovina and North Macedonia. North Macedonia signed an accession protocol to become a NATO member state in February 2019, which is undergoing ratification by the member states. Its accession had been blocked by Greece for many years due to the Macedonia naming dispute, which was resolved in 2018 by the Prespa agreement<\/a>. In order to support each other in the process, new and potential members in the region formed the Adriatic Charter<\/a> in 2003. Georgia was also named as an aspiring member, and was promised “future membership” during the 2008 summit in Bucharest<\/a>, though in 2014, US President Barack Obama said the country was not “currently on a path” to membership.<\/p>\n Russia continues to oppose further expansion, seeing it as inconsistent with informal understandings between Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev<\/a> and European and US negotiators that allowed for a peaceful German reunification. NATO’s expansion efforts are often seen by Moscow leaders as a continuation of a Cold War attempt to surround and isolate Russia, though they have also been criticized in the West. A June 2016 Levada poll<\/a> found that 68% of Russians think that deploying NATO troops in the Baltic states and Poland \u2013 former Eastern bloc countries bordering Russia \u2013 is a threat to Russia. In contrast 65% of Poles surveyed in 2017 Pew Research Center<\/a> report identified Russia as a “major threat”, with an average of 31% saying so across all NATO countries, and 67% of Poles surveyed in 2018 favor US forces being based in Poland. Of non-CIS<\/a> Eastern European countries surveyed by Gallup in 2016, all but Serbia<\/a> and Montenegro were more likely than not to view NATO as a protective alliance rather than a threat.<\/p>\n Ukraine’s relationship with NATO and Europe has been politically controversial, and improvement of these relations was one of the goals of the “Euromaidan<\/a>” protests that saw the ousting of pro-Russian President Viktor Yanukovych<\/a> in 2014. In March 2014, Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk<\/a> reiterated the government’s stance that Ukraine is not seeking NATO membership. Ukraine’s president subsequently signed a bill dropping his nation’s nonaligned status in order to pursue NATO membership, but signaled that it would hold a referendum before seeking to join. Ukraine is one of eight countries in Eastern Europe with an Individual Partnership Action Plan. IPAPs began in 2002, and are open to countries that have the political will and ability to deepen their relationship with NATO.<\/p>\n A 2006 study in the journal Security Studies<\/a> argued that NATO enlargement contributed to democratic consolidation in Central and Eastern Europe.<\/p>\n The Partnership for Peace (PfP) program was established in 1994 and is based on individual bilateral relations between each partner country and NATO: each country may choose the extent of its participation. Members include all current and former members of the Commonwealth of Independent States. The Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) was first established on 29 May 1997, and is a forum for regular coordination, consultation and dialogue between all fifty participants. The PfP program is considered the operational wing of the Euro-Atlantic Partnership. Other third countries also have been contacted for participation in some activities of the PfP framework such as Afghanistan.<\/p>\n The European Union (EU) signed a comprehensive package of arrangements with NATO under the Berlin Plus agreement<\/a> on 16 December 2002. With this agreement, the EU was given the possibility to use NATO assets in case it wanted to act independently in an international crisis, on the condition that NATO itself did not want to act \u2013 the so-called “right of first refusal”. For example, Article 42(7) of the 1982 Treaty of Lisbon specifies that “If a Member State is the victim of armed aggression on its territory, the other Member States shall have towards it an obligation of aid and assistance by all the means in their power”. The treaty applies globally to specified territories whereas NATO is restricted under its Article 6 to operations north of the Tropic of Cancer<\/a>. It provides a “double framework” for the EU countries that are also linked with the PfP program.<\/p>\n Additionally, NATO cooperates and discusses its activities with numerous other non-NATO members. The Mediterranean Dialogue<\/a> was established in 1994 to coordinate in a similar way with Israel<\/a> and countries in North Africa<\/a>. The Istanbul Cooperation Initiative<\/a> was announced in 2004 as a dialog forum for the Middle East<\/a> along the same lines as the Mediterranean Dialogue. The four participants are also linked through the Gulf Cooperation Council<\/a>.<\/p>\n Political dialogue with Japan<\/a> began in 1990, and since then, the Alliance has gradually increased its contact with countries that do not form part of any of these cooperation initiatives. In 1998, NATO established a set of general guidelines that do not allow for a formal institutionalization of relations, but reflect the Allies’ desire to increase cooperation. Following extensive debate, the term “Contact Countries” was agreed by the Allies in 2000. By 2012, the Alliance had broadened this group, which meets to discuss issues such as counter-piracy and technology exchange, under the names “partners across the globe” or “global partners”. Australia<\/a> and New Zealand<\/a>, both contact countries, are also members of the AUSCANNZUKUS<\/a> strategic alliance, and similar regional or bilateral agreements between contact countries and NATO members also aid cooperation. Colombia<\/a> is the NATO\u2019s latest partner and Colombia has access to the full range of cooperative activities NATO offers to partners; Colombia became the first and only Latin American<\/a> country to cooperate with NATO.<\/p>\n The flag of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) consists of a dark blue field charged with a white compass rose emblem, with four white lines radiating from the four cardinal directions<\/a>. Adopted three years after the creation of NATO, it has been the flag of NATO since October 14, 1953. The blue color symbolizes the Atlantic Ocean<\/a>, while the circle stands for unity.<\/p>\n The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was established on April 4, 1949, when twelve nations signed the North Atlantic Treaty to counteract the perceived threat from the Soviet Union.<\/p>\n The first flag used by NATO was unveiled October 5, 1951, by Gen. Dwight Eisenhower<\/a>, who helped design it. The 1951 flag consisted of a green field with the coat of arms of the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE), which still uses the flag.<\/p>\n NATO began looking for an emblem to differentiate it from SHAPE, a task handled by the newly formed Information Policy Working Group. After several discussions, it concluded that a flag for the organization containing its emblem was necessary, and that it would recommend this to the North Atlantic Council. The council stipulated that the design had to be “simple and striking,” in addition to highlighting the “peaceful purpose” of the Treaty; several proposals were rejected.<\/p>\n An emblem of NATO was finally adopted on October 14, 1953. The decision was announced by Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay<\/a> \u2013 the first Secretary General of NATO \u2013 exactly two weeks later on October 28, where he also elaborated on the symbolism behind the chosen design. He described the flag as “simple and inoffensive.” However, the flag was not universally well-received, and attracted criticism from for instance US Congressman John Travers Wood<\/a>, who condemned the flag as a “strange and alien rag.” He made the remarks in light of an alleged incident where the flag of the United States was reportedly replaced by the NATO flag in Norfolk<\/a>, Virginia<\/a>, the headquarters of the Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic<\/a>.<\/p>\n The modern flag was first hoisted on November 9, 1953, at the opening ceremony of the Atlantic Exhibition in Paris. However, little is known about the occasion, since no documentation of the speech delivered at the event exists.<\/p>\n The colors of the flag carry cultural, political, and regional meanings. The dark blue field represents the Atlantic Ocean, while the circle stands for unity among the member states of NATO. The compass rose symbolizes the direction towards the path of peace, the goal that member states strive for; it has been updated once.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" The collapse of the Warsaw Pact in 1989\u20131991 removed the de-facto main adversary of NATO and caused a strategic re-evaluation of NATO’s purpose, nature, tasks, and focus on the continent of Europe. This shift started with the 1990 signing in Paris of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe between NATO and the Soviet Union, which mandated specific military reductions across the continent that continued after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991. At that time, European countries accounted for 34 percent of NATO’s military spending; by 2012, this had fallen to 21 percent. NATO also began a gradual expansion to include newly autonomous Central and Eastern European nations, and extended its activities into political and humanitarian situations that had not formerly been NATO concerns.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2413,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[5,6,7,54,18,40],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2393"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2393"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2393\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2413"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2393"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2393"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2393"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}History:<\/h2>\n
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![\"NATO](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/05\/NATO-Meeting-300x169.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
Military Operations:<\/h2>\n
Early Operations:<\/h3>\n
Bosnia and Herzegovina Intervention:<\/h3>\n
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Kosovo Intervention:<\/h3>\n
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War in Afghanistan:<\/h3>\n
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Iraq Training Mission:<\/h3>\n
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Gulf of Aden Anti-Piracy:<\/h3>\n
![\"Anti-Piracy](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/05\/Anti-Piracy-Efforts-in-Aden-Gulf-300x200.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
Libya Intervention:<\/h3>\n
![\"Libyan](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/05\/Libyan-Intervention-300x181.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
Participating Countries:<\/h2>\n
![\"Member](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/05\/Member-States-of-NATO-300x300.png\" "\\"\\"")
\n
Enlargement:<\/h2>\n
![\"NATO](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/05\/NATO-Enlargement-300x203.jpeg\" "\\"\\"")
Partnerships:<\/h2>\n
![\"Partnership](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/05\/Partnership-for-Peace-300x160.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
The Flag:<\/h2>\n
History:<\/h3>\n
![\"First](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/05\/First-NATO-Flag-1951-300x242.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
![\"Flag](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/05\/Flag-of-Supreme-Headquarters-Allied-Powers-Europe-Used-by-NATO-1951-1953-300x200.png\" "\\"\\"")
![\"NATO](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2019\/05\/NATO-Flag-300x225.png\" "\\"\\"")
Symbolism:<\/h3>\n