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<\/a>Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba<\/a> to the west, Hudson Bay<\/a> and James Bay<\/a> to the north, and Quebec<\/a> to the east and northeast, and to the south by the U.S. states of Minnesota<\/a>, Michigan<\/a>, Ohio<\/a>, Pennsylvania<\/a>, and New York<\/a>. Almost all of Ontario’s 1,678 mile border with the United States follows inland waterways: from the west at Lake of the Woods<\/a>, eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes<\/a>\/Saint Lawrence River<\/a> drainage system. These are the Rainy River<\/a>, the Pigeon River<\/a>, Lake Superior<\/a>, the St. Marys River<\/a>, Lake Huron<\/a>, the St. Clair River<\/a>, Lake St. Clair<\/a>, the Detroit River<\/a>, Lake Erie<\/a>, the Niagara River<\/a>, Lake Ontario<\/a> and along the St. Lawrence River from Kingston, Ontario<\/a>, to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall, Ontario<\/a>. There is only about 0.6 miles of land border made up of portages including Height of Land Portage<\/a> on the Minnesota border.<\/p>\n Ontario is sometimes conceptually divided into two regions, Northern Ontario<\/a> and Southern Ontario<\/a>. The great majority of Ontario’s population and arable land is in the south. In contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and heavy forestation.<\/p>\n The province is named after Lake Ontario, a term thought to be derived from Ontar\u00ed:io, a Huron <\/a>(Wyandot<\/a>) word meaning “great lake”, or possibly skanadario, which means “beautiful water” in the Iroquoian languages<\/a>. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes.<\/p>\n The thinly populated Canadian Shield<\/a> in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and partly covered by the Central<\/a> and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests<\/a>, studded with lakes and rivers. Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions: Northwestern Ontario<\/a> and Northeastern Ontario<\/a>.<\/p>\n Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions; Central Ontario<\/a> (although not actually the province’s geographic center), Eastern Ontario<\/a>, Golden Horseshoe<\/a> and Southwestern Ontario<\/a> (parts of which were formerly referred to as Western Ontario).<\/p>\n Despite the absence of any mountainous terrain in the province, there are large areas of uplands, particularly within the Canadian Shield which traverses the province from northwest to southeast and also above the Niagara Escarpment<\/a> which crosses the south. The highest point is Ishpatina Ridge<\/a> at 2,274 feet above sea level in Temagami<\/a>, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 1,640 feet are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands and in hilltops near the Madawaska River<\/a> in Renfrew County<\/a>.<\/p>\n The Carolinian forest zone<\/a> covers most of the southwestern region of the province. The temperate and fertile Great Lakes-Saint Lawrence Valley in the south is part of the Eastern Great Lakes lowland forests eco-region<\/a> where the forest has now been largely replaced by agriculture, industrial and urban development. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls<\/a>, part of the Niagara Escarpment. The Saint Lawrence Seaway<\/a> allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean<\/a> as far inland as Thunder Bay<\/a> in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario covers approximately 87% of the province’s surface area; conversely Southern Ontario contains 94 percent of the population.<\/p>\n Point Pelee<\/a> is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario (near Windsor<\/a> and Detroit, Michigan<\/a>) that is the southernmost extent of Canada’s mainland. Pelee Island<\/a> and Middle Island<\/a> in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42\u00b0N \u2013 slightly farther south than the northern border of California<\/a>.<\/p>\n Prior to the arrival of the Europeans, the region was inhabited by Algonquian<\/a> (Ojibwe<\/a>, Cree<\/a> and Algonquin<\/a>) in the northern\/western portions, and Iroquois<\/a> and Wyandot (Huron) people more in the south\/east. During the 17th century, the Algonquians and Hurons fought the Beaver Wars<\/a> against the Iroquois.<\/p>\n The French explorer \u00c9tienne Br\u00fbl\u00e9<\/a> explored part of the area in 1610\u201312. The English explorer Henry Hudson<\/a> sailed into Hudson Bay in 1611 and claimed the area for England.<\/p>\n Samuel de Champlain<\/a> reached Lake Huron in 1615, and French missionaries began to establish posts along the Great Lakes. French settlement was hampered by their hostilities with the Iroquois, who allied themselves with the British. From 1634 to 1640, Hurons were devastated by European infectious diseases, such as measles<\/a> and smallpox<\/a>, to which they had no immunity. By 1700, the Iroquois had seceded from Ontario and the Mississaugas of the Ojibwa had settled the north shore of Lake Ontario. The remaining Huron settled north of Quebec.<\/p>\n The British established trading posts on Hudson Bay in the late 17th century and began a struggle for domination of Ontario with the French. After the French of New France were defeated during the Seven Years’ War<\/a>, the two powers awarded nearly all of France’s North American possessions<\/a> (New France<\/a>) to Britain in the 1763 Treaty of Paris<\/a>, including those lands of Ontario not already claimed by Britain. The British annexed the Ontario region to Quebec in 1774.<\/p>\n The first European settlements were in 1782\u20131784 when 5,000 American loyalists<\/a> entered what is now Ontario following the American Revolution<\/a>. The Kingdom of Great Britain granted them 200 acres land and other items with which to rebuild their lives. The British also set up reservations in Ontario for the Mohawks<\/a> who had fought for the British and had lost their land in New York state. Other Iroquois, also displaced from New York were resettled in 1784 at the Six Nations reserve<\/a> at the west end of Lake Ontario. The Mississaugas, displaced by European settlements, would later move to Six Nations also.<\/p>\n The population of Canada west of the St. Lawrence-Ottawa River confluence substantially increased during this period, a fact recognized by the Constitutional Act of 1791<\/a>, which split Quebec into the Canadas<\/a>: Upper Canada<\/a> southwest of the St. Lawrence-Ottawa River confluence, and Lower Canada<\/a> east of it. John Graves Simcoe<\/a> was appointed Upper Canada’s first Lieutenant governor in 1793.<\/p>\n American troops in the War of 1812<\/a> invaded Upper Canada across the Niagara River and the Detroit River, but were defeated and pushed back by the British, Canadian fencibles<\/a> and militias, and First Nations<\/a> warriors. However, the Americans eventually gained control of Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. The 1813 Battle of York<\/a> saw American troops defeat the garrison at the Upper Canada capital of York<\/a>. The Americans looted the town and burned the Upper Canada Parliament Buildings during their brief occupation. The British would burn the American capital of Washington, D.C. in 1814.<\/a><\/p>\n After the War of 1812, relative stability allowed for increasing numbers of immigrants to arrive from Europe rather than from the United States. As was the case in the previous decades, this immigration shift was encouraged by the colonial leaders. Despite affordable and often free land, many arriving newcomers, mostly from Britain and Ireland, found frontier life with the harsh climate difficult, and some of those with the means eventually returned home or went south. However, population growth far exceeded emigration in the following decades. It was a mostly agrarian-based society, but canal projects and a new network of plank roads spurred greater trade within the colony and with the United States, thereby improving previously damaged relations over time.<\/p>\n Meanwhile, Ontario’s numerous waterways aided travel and transportation into the interior and supplied water power for development. As the population increased, so did the industries and transportation networks, which in turn led to further development. By the end of the century, Ontario vied with Quebec as the nation’s leader in terms of growth in population, industry, arts and communications.<\/p>\n Unrest in the colony began to chafe against the aristocratic Family Compact<\/a> who governed while benefiting economically from the region’s resources, and who did not allow elected bodies power. This resentment spurred republican ideals and sowed the seeds for early Canadian nationalism<\/a>. Accordingly, rebellion in favor of responsible government rose in both regions; Louis-Joseph Papineau<\/a> led the Lower Canada Rebellion<\/a> and William Lyon Mackenzie<\/a>, first Toronto mayor, led the Upper Canada Rebellion<\/a>. In Upper Canada, the rebellion was quickly a failure. William Lyon Mackenzie escaped to the United States, where he declared the Republic of Canada<\/a> on Navy Island<\/a> on the Niagara River.<\/p>\n Although both rebellions were put down in short order, the British government sent Lord Durham<\/a> to investigate the causes. He recommended self-government be granted and Lower and Upper Canada be re-joined in an attempt to assimilate the French Canadians<\/a>. Accordingly, the two colonies were merged into the Province of Canada<\/a> by the Act of Union 1840<\/a>, with the capital at Kingston<\/a>, and Upper Canada becoming known as Canada West. Parliamentary self-government was granted in 1848. There were heavy waves of immigration in the 1840s, and the population of Canada West more than doubled by 1851 over the previous decade. As a result, for the first time, the English-speaking population of Canada West surpassed the French-speaking population of Canada East<\/a>, tilting the representative balance of power.<\/p>\n An economic boom in the 1850s coincided with railway expansion across the province, further increasing the economic strength of Central Canada. With the repeal of the Corn Laws<\/a> and a reciprocity agreement in place with the United States, various industries such as timber, mining, farming and alcohol distilling benefited tremendously.<\/p>\n A political stalemate between the French<\/a>– and English<\/a>-speaking legislators, as well as fear of aggression from the United States during and immediately after the American Civil War<\/a>, led the political elite to hold a series of conferences in the 1860s to effect a broader federal union of all British North American colonies<\/a>. The British North America Act<\/a> took effect on July 1, 1867, establishing the Dominion of Canada, initially with four provinces: Nova Scotia<\/a>, New Brunswick<\/a>, Quebec<\/a> and Ontario. The Province of Canada was divided into Ontario and Quebec so that each linguistic group would have its own province. Both Quebec and Ontario were required by section 93 of the British North America Act to safeguard existing educational rights and privileges of Protestant and the Catholic minority. Thus, separate Catholic schools and school boards were permitted in Ontario. However, neither province had a constitutional requirement to protect its French- or English-speaking minority. Toronto was formally established as Ontario’s provincial capital.<\/p>\n Once constituted as a province, Ontario proceeded to assert its economic and legislative power. In 1872, the lawyer Oliver Mowat<\/a> became Premier of Ontario and remained as premier until 1896. He fought for provincial rights, weakening the power of the federal government in provincial matters, usually through well-argued appeals to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. His battles with the federal government greatly decentralized Canada, giving the provinces far more power than John A. Macdonald<\/a> had intended. He consolidated and expanded Ontario’s educational and provincial institutions, created districts in Northern Ontario, and fought to ensure that those parts of Northwestern Ontario not historically part of Upper Canada (the vast areas north and west of the Lake Superior-Hudson Bay watershed, known as the District of Keewatin<\/a>) would become part of Ontario, a victory embodied in the Canada (Ontario Boundary) Act, 1889. He also presided over the emergence of the province into the economic powerhouse of Canada. Mowat was the creator of what is often called Empire Ontario.<\/p>\n Beginning with Sir John A. Macdonald’s National Policy (1879)<\/a> and the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway (1875\u20131885)<\/a> through Northern Ontario and the Canadian Prairies<\/a> to British Columbia<\/a>, Ontario manufacturing and industry flourished. However, population increase slowed after a large recession hit the province in 1893, thus slowing growth drastically but for only a few years. Many newly arrived immigrants and others moved west along the railway to the Prairie Provinces and British Columbia, sparsely settling Northern Ontario.<\/p>\n Mineral exploitation accelerated in the late 19th century, leading to the rise of important mining centers in the northeast, such as Sudbury<\/a>, Cobalt<\/a> and Timmins<\/a>. The province harnessed its water power to generate hydro-electric power and created the state-controlled Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario, later Ontario Hydro<\/a>. The availability of cheap electric power further facilitated the development of industry. The Ford Motor Company of Canada<\/a> was established in 1904. General Motors Canada<\/a> was formed in 1918. The motor vehicle industry became the most lucrative industry for the Ontario economy during the 20th century.<\/p>\n In July 1912, the Conservative government of Sir James Whitney<\/a> issued Regulation 17<\/a> which severely limited the availability of French-language schooling to the province’s French-speaking minority. French Canadians reacted with outrage, journalist Henri Bourassa<\/a> denouncing the “Prussians of Ontario”. The regulation was eventually repealed in 1927.<\/p>\n Influenced by events in the United States, the government of Sir William Hearst<\/a> introduced prohibition of alcoholic drinks in 1916 with the passing of the Ontario Temperance Act<\/a>. However, residents could distill and retain their own personal supply, and liquor producers could continue distillation and export for sale, allowing this already sizeable industry to strengthen further. Ontario became a hotbed for the illegal smuggling of liquor and the biggest supplier into the United States, which was under complete prohibition<\/a>. Prohibition in Ontario came to an end in 1927 with the establishment of the Liquor Control Board of Ontario<\/a> under the government of Howard Ferguson<\/a>. The sale and consumption of liquor, wine, and beer are still controlled by some of the most extreme laws in North America to ensure strict community standards and revenue generation from the alcohol retail monopoly are upheld. In April 2007, Ontario Member of Provincial Parliament Kim Craitor<\/a> suggested local brewers should be able to sell their beer in local corner stores; however, the motion was quickly rejected by Premier Dalton McGuinty<\/a>.<\/p>\n The post-World War II period was one of exceptional prosperity and growth. Ontario has been the recipients of most immigration to Canada, largely immigrants from war-torn Europe in the 1950s and 1960s and following changes in federal immigration law, a massive influx of non-Europeans since the 1970s. From a largely ethnically British province, Ontario has rapidly become culturally very diverse.<\/p>\n The nationalist movement in Quebec, particularly after the election of the Parti Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois<\/a> in 1976, contributed to driving many businesses and English-speaking people out of Quebec to Ontario, and as a result, Toronto<\/a> surpassed Montreal<\/a> as the largest city and economic center of Canada. Depressed economic conditions in the Maritime Provinces<\/a> have also resulted in de-population of those provinces in the 20th century, with heavy migration into Ontario.<\/p>\n Ontario’s official language is English, although there exists a number of French-speaking communities across Ontario. French-language services are made available for communities with a sizeable French-speaking population; a service that is ensured under the French Language Services Act of 1989<\/a>.<\/p>\n Ontario is Canada’s leading manufacturing province, accounting for 52% of the total national manufacturing shipments in 2004. Ontario’s largest trading partner is the American state of Michigan.<\/p>\n Mining and the forest products industry, notably pulp and paper<\/a>, are vital to the economy of Northern Ontario. As of 2011, roughly 200,000 ha are clear cut<\/a> each year; herbicides for hardwood suppression are applied to a third of the total. There has been controversy over the Ring of Fire<\/a> mineral deposit, and whether the province can afford to spend CAD$2.25 billion on a road from the Trans-Canada Highway<\/a> near Kenora<\/a> to the deposit, currently valued at CAD$60 billions.<\/p>\n An abundance of natural resources, excellent transportation links to the American heartland and the inland Great Lakes making ocean access possible via container ships, have all contributed to making manufacturing the principal industry of the province, found mainly in the Golden Horseshoe region, which is the largest industrialized area in Canada, the southern end of the region being part of the North American Rust Belt<\/a>. Important products include motor vehicles, iron, steel, food, electrical appliances, machinery, chemicals, and paper.<\/p>\n Ontario surpassed Michigan in car production, assembling 2.696 million vehicles in 2004.<\/p>\n Toronto, the capital of Ontario, is the center of Canada’s financial services and banking industry. Neighboring cities are home to product distribution, IT centres, and manufacturing industries. Canada’s Federal Government is the largest single employer in the National Capital Region<\/a>, which centers on the border cities of Ontario’s Ottawa<\/a> and Quebec’s Gatineau<\/a>.<\/p>\n The information technology sector is important, particularly in the Silicon Valley North section of Ottawa, home to Canada’s largest technology park. IT is also important in the Waterloo Region<\/a>, where the headquarters of BlackBerry<\/a> is located.<\/p>\n Tourism contributes heavily to the economy of Central Ontario, peaking during the summer months owing to the abundance of fresh water recreation and wilderness found there in reasonable proximity to the major urban centers. At other times of the year, hunting, skiing and snowmobiling are popular. This region has some of the most vibrant fall color displays anywhere on the continent, and tours directed at overseas visitors are organized to see them. Tourism also plays a key role in border cities with large casinos, among them Windsor, Cornwall<\/a>, Sarnia and Niagara Falls,<\/a> the latter of which attracts millions of US and other international visitors.<\/p>\n Once the dominant industry, agriculture occupies a small percentage of the population. However, much of the land in southern Ontario is given over to agriculture. Common types of farms reported in the 2001 census include those for cattle, small grains and dairy. The fruit- and grape-growing industry is primarily on the Niagara Peninsula<\/a> and along Lake Erie, where tobacco farms are also situated. Market vegetables grow in the rich soils of the Holland Marsh<\/a> near Newmarket<\/a>. The area near Windsor is also very fertile.<\/p>\n The area defined as the Corn Belt<\/a> covers much of the southwestern area of the province, extending as far north as close to Goderich, but corn and soy are grown throughout the southern portion of the province. Apple orchards are a common sight along the southern shore of Nottawasaga Bay<\/a> (part of Georgian Bay) near Collingwood and along the northern shore of Lake Ontario near Cobourg. Tobacco production, centered in Norfolk County<\/a>, has decreased, allowing an increase in alternative crops such as hazelnuts<\/a> and ginseng<\/a>. The Ontario origins of Massey Ferguson<\/a>, once one of the largest farm-implement manufacturers in the world, indicate the importance agriculture once[citation needed] had to the Canadian economy.<\/p>\n Transportation routes in Ontario evolved from early waterway travel and First Nations paths followed by European explorers. Ontario has two major east-west routes, both starting from Montreal in the neighboring province of Quebec. The northerly route, which was a major fur trade route, travels west from Montreal along the Ottawa River<\/a>, then continues northwestward towards Manitoba. Major cities on or near the route include Ottawa, North Bay, Sudbury, Sault Ste. Marie, and Thunder Bay. The southerly route, which was driven by growth in settlements originated by the United Empire Loyalists and later other European immigrants, travels southwest from Montreal along the St. Lawrence River, Lake Ontario, and Lake Erie before entering the United States in Michigan. Major cities on or near the route include Kingston, Belleville, Peterborough, Oshawa, Toronto, Mississauga, Kitchener-Waterloo<\/a>, Hamilton, London, Sarnia, and Windsor. This route was also heavily used by immigrants to the Midwestern US particularly in the late 19th century.<\/p>\n 400-series highways<\/a> make up the primary vehicular network in the south of province, and they connect to numerous border crossings with the US, the busiest being the Detroit\u2013Windsor Tunnel<\/a> and Ambassador Bridge<\/a> and the Blue Water Bridge<\/a> (via Highway 402<\/a>). Some of the primary highways along the southern route are Highway 401, Highway 417<\/a>, and Highway 400<\/a>, while other provincial highways and regional roads inter-connect the remainder of the province.<\/p>\n The Saint Lawrence Seaway, which extends across most of the southern portion of the province and connects to the Atlantic Ocean, is the primary water transportation route for cargo, particularly iron ore and grain. In the past, the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River were also a major passenger transportation route, but over the past half century passenger travel has been reduced to ferry services and sightseeing cruises.<\/p>\n Via Rail operates the inter-regional passenger train service on the Quebec City\u2013Windsor Corridor<\/a>, along with The Canadian<\/a>, a transcontinental rail service from Southern Ontario to Vancouver<\/a>, and the Sudbury\u2013White River train<\/a>. Additionally, Amtrak rail connects Ontario with key New York cities including Buffalo<\/a>, Albany<\/a>, and New York City<\/a>. Ontario Northland<\/a> provides rail service to destinations as far north as Moosonee<\/a> near James Bay<\/a>, connecting them with the south.<\/p>\n Regional commuter rail is limited to the provincially owned GO Transit<\/a>, and serves a train-bus network spanning the Golden Horseshoe region, with Union Station<\/a> in Toronto serving as the transport hub.<\/p>\n The Toronto Transit Commission<\/a> operates the province’s only subway and streetcar system, one of the busiest in North America. OC Transpo<\/a> operates, in addition to bus service, Ontario’s only light rail transit line, the O-Train<\/a> in Ottawa.<\/p>\n A light-rail metro called the Confederation Line<\/a> is under construction in Ottawa. It will have 13 stations on 7.8 miles and part of it will run under the city’s Downtown and feature three underground stations. In addition, the Ion light rail and bus rapid transit system<\/a> is under construction in the province’s Waterloo region.<\/p>\n Important airports in the province include Toronto Pearson International Airport<\/a>, which is the busiest airport in Canada, handling nearly 50 million passengers in 2018. Ottawa Macdonald\u2013Cartier International Airport<\/a> is Ontario’s second largest airport. Toronto\/Pearson and Ottawa\/Macdonald-Cartier form two of the three points in Canada’s busiest set of air routes (the third point being Montr\u00e9al\u2013Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport<\/a>).<\/p>\n Most Ontario cities have regional airports, many of which have scheduled commuter flights from Air Canada Jazz<\/a> or smaller airlines and charter companies \u2013 flights from the mid-size cities such as Thunder Bay, Sault Ste. Marie, Sudbury, North Bay, Timmins, Windsor, London, and Kingston feed directly into larger airports in Toronto and Ottawa. Bearskin Airlines<\/a> also runs flights along the northerly east-west route, connecting Ottawa, North Bay, Sudbury, Sault Ste. Marie, Kitchener and Thunder Bay directly.<\/p>\n Isolated towns and settlements in the northern areas of the province rely partly or entirely on air service for travel, goods, and even ambulance services (MEDIVAC<\/a>), since much of the far northern area of the province cannot be reached by road or rail.<\/p>\n Before 1965, the Canadian Red Ensign had served as the de facto national flag of Canada. It was flown at all military installations in Canada and overseas, outside the legislature and government buildings, at Royal Canadian Legion<\/a> halls, and many private homes.<\/p>\n In 1964, the federal government, after a long and acrimonious debate, replaced the Red Ensign with the current flag of Canada. This decision was unpopular among some Canadians. These included many Ontarians, particularly in rural areas that made up much of the political base of Premier John Robarts<\/a>‘ Ontario Progressive Conservatives.<\/a><\/p>\n Robarts thus proposed that Ontario would have its own flag and that it would be a Red Ensign like the previous Canadian flag. It was traditional for jurisdictions around the world with a British system of government and way of life to adapt either a blue or red ensign as a flag, by adding the local coat of arms or some other symbol. In Ontario, it was logical to place the Ontario shield of arms on the flag. Robarts felt the Ensign was an important symbol that reflected Ontario’s British heritage and the sacrifices made by Canadian troops under the Red Ensign. As Robarts put it, the Ontario flag “covers our history”.<\/p>\n Canadians were exhausted by the long debate over the national flag and leaders of both the Ontario Liberal Party<\/a> and the Ontario New Democratic Party<\/a> supported the design for the proposed Ontario flag. The only opposition came from Sudbury<\/a> Liberal Member of Provincial Parliament Elmer Sopha<\/a> who was fervently opposed to the flag, arguing that it failed to reflect Ontario’s diverse character and that it was “a flag of revenge” against the new national flag. However, he was joined by only one other MPP, Liberal Leo Troy<\/a>, in voting against the flag, and it was passed by the Legislative Assembly on March 17. It went in effect on May 21, 1965.<\/p>\nEtymology:<\/h2>\n
Geography:<\/h2>\n
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<\/a>History:<\/h2>\n
Pre-European Contact:<\/h3>\n
European Contact:<\/h3>\n
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<\/a>Upper Canada:<\/h3>\n
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<\/a>Canada West:<\/h3>\n
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<\/a>Provincehood:<\/h3>\n
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<\/a>Economy:<\/h2>\n
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<\/a>Transportation:<\/h2>\n
Roads:<\/h3>\n
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<\/a>Waterways:<\/h3>\n
Railways:<\/h3>\n
Air Travel:<\/h3>\n
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<\/a>Flag of Ontario:<\/h2>\n
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<\/a>