![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/09\/India-on-the-Globe-300x300.png\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Modern humans arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa no later than 55,000 years ago. Their long occupation, initially in varying forms of isolation as hunter-gatherers, has made the region highly diverse, second only to Africa in human genetic diversity. Settled life emerged on the subcontinent in the western margins of the Indus river<\/a> basin 9,000 years ago, evolving gradually into the Indus Valley Civilisation<\/a> of the third millennium BCE. By 1200 BCE, an archaic form of Sanskrit<\/a>, an Indo-European<\/a> language, had diffused into India from the northwest, unfolding as the language of the Rigveda<\/a>, and recording the dawning of Hinduism<\/a> in India. The Dravidian language<\/a>s of India were supplanted in the northern regions. By 400 BCE, stratification and exclusion by caste<\/a> had emerged within Hinduism, and Buddhism<\/a> and Jainism<\/a> had arisen, proclaiming social orders unlinked to heredity. Early political consolidations gave rise to the loose-knit Maurya<\/a> and Gupta Empires<\/a> based in the Ganges Basin<\/a>. Their collective era was suffused with wide-ranging creativity, but also marked by the declining status of women, and the incorporation of untouchability<\/a> into an organised system of belief. In South India<\/a>, the Middle kingdoms<\/a> exported Dravidian-languages scripts and religious cultures to the kingdoms of Southeast Asia<\/a>.<\/p>\n In the early medieval era, Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism<\/a> put down roots on India’s southern and western coasts. Muslim armies from Central Asia<\/a> intermittently overran India’s northern plains, eventually establishing the Delhi Sultanate<\/a>, and drawing northern India into the cosmopolitan networks of medieval Islam<\/a>. In the 15th century, the Vijayanagara Empire<\/a> created a long-lasting composite Hindu culture in south India. In the Punjab<\/a>, Sikhism<\/a> emerged, rejecting institutionalized religion. The Mughal Empire<\/a>, in 1526, ushered in two centuries of relative peace, leaving a legacy of luminous architecture.<\/p>\n Gradually expanding rule of the British East India Company<\/a> followed, turning India into a colonial economy, but also consolidating its sovereignty. British Crown rule<\/a> began in 1858. The rights promised to Indians were granted slowly, but technological changes were introduced, and ideas of education, modernity and the public life took root. A pioneering and influential nationalist movement emerged, which was noted for nonviolent resistance and became the major factor in ending British rule. In 1947 the British Indian Empire was partitioned<\/a> into two independent dominions, a Hindu-majority Dominion of India<\/a> and a Muslim-majority Dominion of Pakistan<\/a>, amid large-scale loss of life and an unprecedented migration.<\/p>\n India has been a secular federal republic since 1950, governed in a democratic parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society. India’s population grew from 361 million in 1951 to 1,211 million in 2011. During the same time, its nominal per capita income increased from US$64 annually to US$1,498, and its literacy rate from 16.6% to 74%. From being a comparatively destitute country in 1951, India has become a fast-growing major economy, a hub for information technology services, with an expanding middle class. It has a space program which includes several planned or completed extraterrestrial missions. Indian movies, music, and spiritual teachings play an increasing role in global culture. India has substantially reduced its rate of poverty, though at the cost of increasing economic inequality. India is a nuclear weapons state, which ranks high in military expenditure.<\/p>\n It has disputes over Kashmir<\/a> with its neighbors, Pakistan and China, unresolved since the mid-20th century. Among the socio-economic challenges India faces are gender inequality, child malnutrition, and rising levels of air pollution. India’s land is megadiverse, with four biodiversity hot-spots. Its forest cover comprises 21.4% of its area. India’s wildlife, which has traditionally been viewed with tolerance in India’s culture, is supported among these forests, and elsewhere, in protected habitats.<\/p>\n By 55,000 years ago, the first modern humans, or Homo sapiens, had arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa, where they had earlier evolved. The earliest known modern human remains in South Asia date to about 30,000 years ago. After 6500 BCE, evidence for domestication of food crops and animals, construction of permanent structures, and storage of agricultural surplus appeared in Mehrgarh<\/a> and other sites in what is now Balochistan<\/a>. These gradually developed into the Indus Valley Civilization, the first urban culture in South Asia, which flourished during 2500\u20131900 BCE in what is now Pakistan and western India. Centered around cities such as Mohenjo-daro<\/a>, Harappa<\/a>, Dholavira<\/a>, and Kalibangan<\/a>, and relying on varied forms of subsistence, the civilisation engaged robustly in crafts production and wide-ranging trade.<\/p>\n During the period 2000\u2013500 BCE, many regions of the subcontinent transitioned from the Chalcolithic<\/a> cultures to the Iron Age<\/a> ones. The Vedas<\/a>, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism, were composed during this period, and historians have analysed these to posit a Vedic culture<\/a> in the Punjab<\/a> region and the upper Gangetic Plain. Most historians also consider this period to have encompassed several waves of Indo-Aryan migration<\/a> into the subcontinent from the north-west. The caste system, which created a hierarchy of priests, warriors, and free peasants, but which excluded indigenous peoples by labeling their occupations impure, arose during this period. On the Deccan Plateau, archaeological evidence from this period suggests the existence of a chiefdom stage of political organisation. In South India, a progression to sedentary life is indicated by the large number of megalithic<\/a> monuments dating from this period, as well as by nearby traces of agriculture, irrigation tanks, and craft traditions.<\/p>\n In the late Vedic period, around the 6th century BCE, the small states and chiefdoms of the Ganges Plain and the north-western regions had consolidated into 16 major oligarchies and monarchies that were known as the mahajanapadas<\/a>. The emerging urbanization gave rise to non-Vedic religious movements, two of which became independent religions. Jainism came into prominence during the life of its exemplar, Mahavira<\/a>. Buddhism, based on the teachings of Gautama Buddha<\/a>, attracted followers from all social classes excepting the middle class; chronicling the life of the Buddha was central to the beginnings of recorded history in India. In an age of increasing urban wealth, both religions held up renunciation as an ideal, and both established long-lasting monastic traditions. Politically, by the 3rd century BCE, the kingdom of Magadha<\/a> had annexed or reduced other states to emerge as the Mauryan Empire. The empire was once thought to have controlled most of the subcontinent except the far south, but its core regions are now thought to have been separated by large autonomous areas. The Mauryan kings are known as much for their empire-building and determined management of public life as for Ashoka’s<\/a> renunciation of militarism and far-flung advocacy of the Buddhist dhamma<\/a>.<\/p>\n The Sangam literature<\/a> of the Tamil language<\/a> reveals that, between 200 BCE and 200 CE, the southern peninsula was ruled by the Cheras<\/a>, the Cholas<\/a>, and the Pandyas<\/a>, dynasties that traded extensively with the Roman Empire<\/a> and with West and South-East Asia.<\/p>\n In North India, Hinduism asserted patriarchal control within the family, leading to increased subordination of women. By the 4th and 5th centuries, the Gupta Empire had created a complex system of administration and taxation in the greater Ganges Plain; this system became a model for later Indian kingdoms. Under the Guptas, a renewed Hinduism based on devotion, rather than the management of ritual, began to assert itself. This renewal was reflected in a flowering of sculpture and architecture, which found patrons among an urban elite. Classical Sanskrit literature<\/a> flowered as well, and Indian science<\/a>, astronomy<\/a>, medicine<\/a>, and mathematics<\/a> made significant advances.<\/p>\n The Indian early medieval age, 600 CE to 1200 CE, is defined by regional kingdoms and cultural diversity. When Harsha<\/a> of Kannauj<\/a>, who ruled much of the Indo-Gangetic Plain from 606 to 647 CE, attempted to expand southwards, he was defeated by the Chalukya<\/a> ruler of the Deccan. When his successor attempted to expand eastwards, he was defeated by the Pala<\/a> king of Bengal<\/a>. When the Chalukyas attempted to expand southwards, they were defeated by the Pallavas<\/a> from farther south, who in turn were opposed by the Pandyas<\/a> and the Cholas<\/a> from still farther south. No ruler of this period was able to create an empire and consistently control lands much beyond his core region. During this time, pastoral peoples, whose land had been cleared to make way for the growing agricultural economy, were accommodated within caste society, as were new non-traditional ruling classes. The caste system consequently began to show regional differences.<\/p>\n In the 6th and 7th centuries, the first devotional hymns were created in the Tamil language. They were imitated all over India and led to both the resurgence of Hinduism and the development of all modern languages of the subcontinent. Indian royalty, big and small, and the temples they patronised drew citizens in great numbers to the capital cities, which became economic hubs as well. Temple towns of various sizes began to appear everywhere as India underwent another urbanisation. By the 8th and 9th centuries, the effects were felt in South-East Asia, as South Indian culture and political systems were exported to lands that became part of modern-day Myanmar<\/a>, Thailand<\/a>, Laos<\/a>, Cambodia<\/a>, Vietnam<\/a>, Philippines<\/a>, Malaysia<\/a>, and Java<\/a>. Indian merchants, scholars, and sometimes armies were involved in this transmission; South-East Asians took the initiative as well, with many sojourning in Indian seminaries and translating Buddhist and Hindu texts into their languages.<\/p>\n After the 10th century, Muslim Central Asian nomadic clans, using swift-horse cavalry and raising vast armies united by ethnicity and religion, repeatedly overran South Asia’s north-western plains, leading eventually to the establishment of the Islamic Delhi Sultanate in 1206. The sultanate was to control much of North India and to make many forays into South India. Although at first disruptive for the Indian elites, the sultanate largely left its vast non-Muslim subject population to its own laws and customs. By repeatedly repulsing Mongol raiders in the 13th century, the sultanate saved India from the devastation visited on West and Central Asia, setting the scene for centuries of migration of fleeing soldiers, learned men, mystics, traders, artists, and artisans from that region into the subcontinent, thereby creating a syncretic Indo-Islamic culture in the north. The sultanate’s raiding and weakening of the regional kingdoms of South India paved the way for the indigenous Vijayanagara Empire<\/a>. Embracing a strong Shaivite<\/a> tradition and building upon the military technology of the sultanate, the empire came to control much of peninsular India, and was to influence South Indian society for long afterwards.<\/p>\n In the early 16th century, northern India, then under mainly Muslim rulers, fell again to the superior mobility and firepower of a new generation of Central Asian warriors. The resulting Mughal Empire<\/a> did not stamp out the local societies it came to rule. Instead, it balanced and pacified them through new administrative practices and diverse and inclusive ruling elites, leading to more systematic, centralized, and uniform rule. Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic identity, especially under Akbar<\/a>, the Mughals united their far-flung realms through loyalty, expressed through a Persianized culture, to an emperor who had near-divine status. The Mughal state’s economic policies, deriving most revenues from agriculture and mandating that taxes be paid in the well-regulated silver currency, caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets. The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the 17th century was a factor in India’s economic expansion, resulting in greater patronage of painting<\/a>, literary forms, textiles, and architecture<\/a>. Newly coherent social groups in northern and western India, such as the Marathas<\/a>, the Rajputs<\/a>, and the Sikhs<\/a>, gained military and governing ambitions during Mughal rule, which, through collaboration or adversity, gave them both recognition and military experience. Expanding commerce during Mughal rule gave rise to new Indian commercial and political elites along the coasts of southern and eastern India. As the empire disintegrated, many among these elites were able to seek and control their own affairs.<\/p>\n By the early 18th century, with the lines between commercial and political dominance being increasingly blurred, a number of European trading companies, including the English East India Company<\/a>, had established coastal outposts. The East India Company’s control of the seas, greater resources, and more advanced military training and technology led it to increasingly flex its military muscle and caused it to become attractive to a portion of the Indian elite; these factors were crucial in allowing the company to gain control over the Bengal region by 1765 and sideline the other European companies. Its further access to the riches of Bengal and the subsequent increased strength and size of its army enabled it to annexe or subdue most of India by the 1820s. India was then no longer exporting manufactured goods as it long had, but was instead supplying the British Empire with raw materials. Many historians consider this to be the onset of India’s colonial period. By this time, with its economic power severely curtailed by the British parliament and having effectively been made an arm of British administration, the company began more consciously to enter non-economic arenas like education, social reform, and culture.<\/p>\n Historians consider India’s modern age to have begun sometime between 1848 and 1885. The appointment in 1848 of Lord Dalhousie<\/a> as Governor General of the East India Company set the stage for changes essential to a modern state. These included the consolidation and demarcation of sovereignty, the surveillance of the population, and the education of citizens. Technological changes\u2014among them, railways, canals, and the telegraph\u2014were introduced not long after their introduction in Europe. However, disaffection with the company also grew during this time and set off the Indian Rebellion of 1857<\/a>. Fed by diverse resentments and perceptions, including invasive British-style social reforms, harsh land taxes, and summary treatment of some rich landowners and princes, the rebellion rocked many regions of northern and central India and shook the foundations of Company rule. Although the rebellion was suppressed by 1858, it led to the dissolution of the East India Company and the direct administration of India by the British government. Proclaiming a unitary state and a gradual but limited British-style parliamentary system, the new rulers also protected princes and landed gentry as a feudal safeguard against future unrest. In the decades following, public life gradually emerged all over India, leading eventually to the founding of the Indian National Congress in 1885.<\/p>\n The rush of technology and the commercialization of agriculture in the second half of the 19th century was marked by economic setbacks and many small farmers became dependent on the whims of far-away markets. There was an increase in the number of large-scale famines, and, despite the risks of infrastructure development borne by Indian taxpayers, little industrial employment was generated for Indians. There were also salutary effects: commercial cropping, especially in the newly canalled Punjab, led to increased food production for internal consumption. The railway network provided critical famine relief, notably reduced the cost of moving goods, and helped nascent Indian-owned industry.<\/p>\n After World War I, in which approximately one million Indians served<\/a>, a new period began. It was marked by British reforms<\/a> but also repressive legislation<\/a>, by more strident Indian calls for self-rule, and by the beginnings of a nonviolent movement of non-co-operation, of which Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi<\/a> would become the leader and enduring symbol. During the 1930s, slow legislative reform was enacted by the British; the Indian National Congress won victories in the resulting elections. The next decade was beset with crises: Indian participation in World War II<\/a>, the Congress’s final push for non-co-operation, and an upsurge of Muslim nationalism. All were capped by the advent of independence in 1947, but tempered by the partition of India into two states: India and Pakistan.<\/p>\n Vital to India’s self-image as an independent nation was its constitution, completed in 1950, which put in place a secular and democratic republic. It has remained a democracy with civil liberties, an active Supreme Court, and a largely independent press. Economic liberalization, which began in the 1990s, has created a large urban middle class, transformed India into one of the world’s fastest-growing economies, and increased its geopolitical clout. Indian movies, music, and spiritual teachings play an increasing role in global culture. Yet, India is also shaped by seemingly unyielding poverty, both rural and urban; by religious<\/a> and caste-related violence<\/a>; by Maoist-inspired Naxalite<\/a> insurgencies; and by separatism in Jammu and Kashmir<\/a> and in Northeast India<\/a>. It has unresolved territorial disputes with China<\/a> and with Pakistan<\/a>. India’s sustained democratic freedoms are unique among the world’s newer nations; however, in spite of its recent economic successes, freedom from want for its disadvantaged population remains a goal yet to be achieved.<\/p>\n India accounts for the bulk of the Indian subcontinent, lying atop the Indian tectonic plate, a part of the Indo-Australian Plate<\/a>. India’s defining geological processes began 75 million years ago when the Indian Plate, then part of the southern supercontinent Gondwana<\/a>, began a north-eastward drift caused by seafloor spreading to its south-west, and later, south and south-east. Simultaneously, the vast Tethyan<\/a> oceanic crust, to its northeast, began to subduct under the Eurasian Plate. These dual processes, driven by convection in the Earth’s mantle, both created the Indian Ocean<\/a> and caused the Indian continental crust eventually to under-thrust Eurasia and to uplift the Himalayas<\/a>. Immediately south of the emerging Himalayas, plate movement created a vast trough that rapidly filled with river-borne sediment and now constitutes the Indo-Gangetic Plain<\/a>. Cut off from the plain by the ancient Aravalli Range<\/a> lies the\u00a0Thar Desert.<\/a><\/p>\n The original Indian Plate survives as peninsular India, the oldest and geologically most stable part of India. It extends as far north as the Satpura<\/a> and Vindhya<\/a> ranges in central India. These parallel chains run from the Arabian Sea coast in Gujarat in the west to the coal-rich Chota Nagpur Plateau<\/a> in Jharkhand in the east. To the south, the remaining peninsular landmass, the Deccan Plateau<\/a>, is flanked on the west and east by coastal ranges known as the Western<\/a> and Eastern Ghats<\/a>; the plateau contains the country’s oldest rock formations, some over one billion years old.<\/p>\n India’s coastline measures 7,517 kilometres (4,700 mi) in length; of this distance, 5,423 kilometres (3,400 mi) belong to peninsular India and 2,094 kilometres (1,300 mi) to the Andaman<\/a>, Nicobar<\/a>, and Lakshadweep<\/a> island chains. According to the Indian naval hydrographic charts, the mainland coastline consists of the following: 43% sandy beaches; 11% rocky shores, including cliffs; and 46% mudflats or marshy shores.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Major Himalayan-origin rivers that substantially flow through India include the Ganges<\/a> and the Brahmaputra<\/a>, both of which drain into the Bay of Bengal<\/a>. Important tributaries of the Ganges include the Yamuna<\/a> and the Kosi<\/a>; the latter’s extremely low gradient, caused by long-term silt deposition, leads to severe floods and course changes. Major peninsular rivers, whose steeper gradients prevent their waters from flooding, include the Godavari<\/a>, the Mahanadi<\/a>, the Kaveri<\/a>, and the Krishna<\/a>, which also drain into the Bay of Bengal; and the Narmada<\/a> and the Tapti<\/a>, which drain into the Arabian Sea<\/a>. Coastal features include the marshy Rann of Kutch<\/a> of western India and the alluvial Sundarbans<\/a> delta of eastern India; the latter is shared with Bangladesh. India has two archipelagos: the Lakshadweep, coral atolls off India’s south-western coast; and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a volcanic chain in the Andaman Sea<\/a>. The Indian climate is strongly influenced by the Himalayas and the Thar Desert, both of which drive the economically and culturally pivotal summer and winter monsoons. The Himalayas prevent cold Central Asian katabatic<\/a> winds from blowing in, keeping the bulk of the Indian subcontinent warmer than most locations at similar latitudes. The Thar Desert plays a crucial role in attracting the moisture-laden south-west summer monsoon winds that, between June and October, provide the majority of India’s rainfall. Four major climatic groupings predominate in India: tropical wet, tropical dry, subtropical humid, and montane.<\/p>\n According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF)<\/a>, the Indian economy in 2019 was nominally worth $2.9 trillion; it is the fifth-largest economy by market exchange rates, and is around $11 trillion, the third-largest by purchasing power parity, or PPP. With its average annual GDP growth rate of 5.8% over the past two decades, and reaching 6.1% during 2011\u20132012, India is one of the world’s fastest-growing economies. However, the country ranks 139th in the world in nominal GDP per capita and 118th in GDP per capita at PPP. Until 1991, all Indian governments followed protectionist policies that were influenced by socialist economics. Widespread state intervention and regulation largely walled the economy off from the outside world. An acute balance of payments crisis in 1991 forced the nation to liberalise its economy; since then it has moved slowly towards a free-market system by emphasising both foreign trade and direct investment inflows. India has been a member of WTO since 1 January 1995.<\/p>\n The 513.7-million-worker Indian labour force is the world’s second-largest, as of 2016. The service sector makes up 55.6% of GDP, the industrial sector 26.3% and the agricultural sector 18.1%. India’s foreign exchange remittances of US$70 billion in 2014, the largest in the world, were contributed to its economy by 25 million Indians working in foreign countries. Major agricultural products include: rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, and potatoes. Major industries include: textiles, telecommunications, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, food processing, steel, transport equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, and software. In 2011, India was the world’s tenth-largest importer and the nineteenth-largest exporter. Major exports include: petroleum products, textile goods, jewellery, software, engineering goods, chemicals, and manufactured leather goods. Major imports include: crude oil, machinery, gems, fertiliser, and chemicals. Between 2001 and 2011, the contribution of petrochemical and engineering goods to total exports grew from 14% to 42%. India was the world’s second largest textile exporter after China in the 2013 calendar year.<\/p>\n Transport in India consists of transport by land, water and air. Public transport is the primary mode of road transport for most of the Indian citizens, and India’s public transport systems are among the most heavily used in the world. In total, about 21 percent of households have two wheelers whereas 4.7 percent of households in India have cars or vans as per the 2011 Census. The automobile industry in India is currently rapidly growing with an annual production of over 4.6 million vehicles, with an annual growth rate of 10.5% and vehicle volume is expected to rise greatly in the future.<\/p>\n India’s road network<\/a> is the second-largest and one of the busiest in the world, transporting 8.225 billion passengers and over 980 million tonnes of cargo annually, as of 2015.<\/p>\n India’s rail network<\/a> is the fourth largest and second busiest in the world, transporting 8.44 billion passengers and 1.23 billion tonnes of freight annually, as of 2019.<\/p>\n Aviation in India<\/a>, broadly divided into military and civil aviation, is the fastest-growing aviation market in the world (IATA data) and Bangalore<\/a> with 65% national share is the largest aviation manufacturing hub of India.<\/p>\n India’s waterways<\/a> network in the form of rivers, canals, backwaters and creeks, is the ninth largest waterway network in the world. Freight transport by waterways is highly under-utilised in India with the total cargo moved (in tonne kilometres) by inland waterways being 0.1 percent of the total inland traffic in India.<\/p>\n The National Flag of India is a horizontal rectangular tricolour of India saffron, white and India green; with the Ashoka Chakra<\/a>, a 24-spoke wheel, in navy blue at its center. It was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on 22 July 1947, and it became the official flag of the Dominion of India<\/a> on 15 August 1947. The flag was subsequently retained as that of the Republic of India. In India, the term “tricolor” almost always refers to the Indian national flag. The flag is based on the Swaraj flag, a flag of the Indian National Congress<\/a> designed by Pingali Venkayya.<\/a><\/p>\n By law, the flag is to be made of khadi<\/a>, a special type of hand-spun cloth or silk, made popular by Mahatma Gandhi<\/a>. The manufacturing process and specifications for the flag are laid out by the Bureau of Indian Standards. The right to manufacture the flag is held by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission<\/a>, who allocates it to regional groups. As of 2009, the Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangh<\/a>a has been the sole manufacturer of the flag.<\/p>\n Gandhi first proposed a flag to the Indian National Congress in 1921. The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya. In the center was a traditional spinning wheel, symbolizing Gandhi’s goal of making Indians self-reliant by fabricating their own clothing, between a red stripe for Hindus and a green stripe for Muslims. The design was then modified to replace red with saffron and to include a white stripe in the center for other religious communities, and provide a background for the spinning wheel. Subsequently, to avoid sectarian associations with the color scheme, the three bands were assigned new meanings: courage and sacrifice, peace and truth, and faith and chivalry respectively.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/09\/Mughal-Empire-in-1700-210x300.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/09\/Kashmir-Region-300x298.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>History:<\/h2>\n
Ancient India:<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/09\/Mohenjo-daro-300x225.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/09\/Late-Vedic-Culture-300x230.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/09\/Indo-Roman-Trade-300x170.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Medieval India:<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/09\/Ajanta-Caves-300x195.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/09\/Brihadeshwara-Temple-Thanjavur-Completed-in-1010-CE-200x300.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/09\/Qutub-Minar-200x300.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Early Modern India:<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/09\/The-Taj-Mahal-at-Agra-300x197.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Modern India:<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/09\/A-Two-Mohur-Gold-Coin-Issued-by-the-Company-in-1835-300x153.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/09\/Jawaharlal-Nehru-and-Mohandas-Karamchand-Gandhi-300x224.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Geography:<\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/09\/Thar-Desert-in-Rajasthan-300x200.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/09\/Deer-in-the-Sundarbans-300x200.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/09\/Topographic-Map-of-India-300x289.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a><\/p>\nEconomy:<\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/09\/Export-Treemap-of-2014-Indian-Exports-300x208.png\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Transportation:<\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/09\/Road-Map-of-India-265x300.png\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/09\/Rail-Network-of-India-273x300.png\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/09\/Mumbai-International-Departures-300x169.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Flag of India:<\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/09\/Flag-of-India-300x200.png\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>