![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/10\/Jamaica-on-the-Globe-300x300.png\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Originally inhabited by the indigenous Arawak<\/a> and Ta\u00edno<\/a> peoples, the island came under Spanish rule following the arrival of Christopher Columbus<\/a> in 1494. Many of the indigenous people were either killed or died of diseases to which they had no immunity, and the Spanish thus forcibly transplanted large numbers of African slaves to Jamaica as laborers. The island remained a possession of Spain until 1655, when England (later Great Britain) conquered it, renaming it Jamaica. Under British colonial rule Jamaica became a leading sugar exporter, with a plantation economy dependent on the African slaves and later their descendants. The British fully emancipated all slaves in 1838, and many freedmen chose to have subsistence farms<\/a> rather than to work on plantations. Beginning in the 1840s, the British began utilising Chinese and Indian indentured<\/a> labor to work on plantations. The island achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 6 August 1962.<\/p>\n With 2.9 million people, Jamaica is the third-most populous Anglophone country in the Americas (after the United States and Canada), and the fourth-most populous country in the Caribbean. Kingston<\/a> is the country’s capital and largest city. The majority of Jamaicans are of Sub-Saharan African ancestry, with significant European, East Asian (primarily Chinese), Indian, Lebanese, and mixed-race minorities. Due to a high rate of emigration for work since the 1960s, there is a large Jamaican diaspora<\/a>, particularly in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The country has a global influence that belies its small size; it was the birthplace of the Rastafari<\/a> religion, reggae<\/a> music (and associated genres such as dub<\/a>, ska<\/a> and dancehall<\/a>), and it is internationally prominent in sports, most notably cricket<\/a>, sprinting and athletics.<\/p>\n Jamaica is an upper-middle income country with an economy heavily dependent on tourism; it has an average of 4.3 million tourists a year. Politically it is a Commonwealth<\/a> realm, with Elizabeth II<\/a> as its queen. Her appointed representative in the country is the Governor-General of Jamaica, an office held by Patrick Allen<\/a> since 2009. Andrew Holness<\/a> has served as Prime Minister of Jamaica since March 2016. Jamaica is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy with legislative power vested in the bicameral Parliament of Jamaica, consisting of an appointed Senate and a directly elected House of Representatives.<\/p>\n Humans have inhabited Jamaica from as early as 4000\u20131000 BC. Little is known of these early peoples. Another group, known as the “Redware people” after their pottery, arrived circa 600 AD, followed by the Arawak\u2013Ta\u00edno circa 800 AD, who most likely came from South America. They practised an agrarian and fishing economy, and at their height are thought to have numbered some 60,000 people, grouped into around 200 village headed by caciques (chiefs). The south coast of Jamaica was the most populated, especially around the area now known as Old Harbour.<\/p>\n Though often thought to have become extinct following contact with Europeans, the Ta\u00edno in fact still inhabited Jamaica when the English took control of the island in 1655. Some fled into interior regions, merging with African Maroon<\/a> communities. Today, only a tiny number of Jamaican natives, known as Yamaye<\/a>, remain. The Jamaican National Heritage Trust is attempting to locate and document any remaining evidence of the Ta\u00edno.<\/p>\n Christopher Columbus was the first European to see Jamaica, claiming the island for Spain after landing there in 1494 on his second voyage to the Americas. His probable landing point was Dry Harbour, called Discovery Bay<\/a>, and St. Ann’s Bay<\/a> was named “Saint Gloria” by Columbus, as the first sighting of the land. He later returned in 1503; however, he was shipwrecked and he and his crew were forced to live on Jamaica for a year while waiting to be rescued. One and a half kilometres west of St. Ann’s Bay is the site of the first Spanish settlement on the island, Sevilla<\/a>, which was established in 1509 by Juan de Esquivel<\/a> but abandoned around 1524 because it was deemed unhealthy. The capital was moved to Spanish Town<\/a>, then called St. Jago de la Vega, around 1534 (at present-day St. Catherine).<\/p>\n Meanwhile, the Ta\u00ednos began dying in large numbers, either from introduced diseases to which they had no immunity, or from enslavement by the Spanish. As a result, the Spanish began importing slaves from Africa to the island. Many slaves managed to escape, forming autonomous communities in remote and easily defended areas in the interior of Jamaica, mixing with the remaining Taino; these communities became known as Maroons. Small numbers of Jews also came to live on the island. By the early 17th century it is estimated that no more than 2,500\u20133,000 people lived on Jamaica.<\/p>\n The English began taking an interest in the island and, following a failed attempt to conquer Santo Domingo<\/a> on Hispaniola, Sir William Penn<\/a> and General Robert Venables<\/a> led an invasion of Jamaica<\/a> in 1655. Battles at Ocho Rios in 1657<\/a> and the Rio Nuevo in 1658<\/a> resulted in Spanish defeats; in 1660 the Maroons began supporting the English and the Spanish defeat was secured.<\/p>\n When the English captured Jamaica, the Spanish colonists fled after freeing their slaves. Many slaves dispersed into the mountains, joining the already established maroon communities. During the centuries of slavery, Maroons established free communities in the mountainous interior of Jamaica, where they maintained their freedom and independence for generations. Meanwhile, the Spanish made several attempts to re-capture the island, prompting the British to support pirates attacking Spanish ships in the Caribbean; as a result piracy became rampant on Jamaica, with the city of Port Royal<\/a> becoming notorious for its lawlessness. Spain later recognized English possession of the island with the Treaty of Madrid (1670)<\/a>. As a result, the English authorities sought to reign in the worst excesses of the pirates.<\/p>\n In 1660, the population of Jamaica was about 4,500 white and 1,500 black. By the early 1670s, as the English developed sugar cane plantations worked by large numbers of slaves, black Africans formed a majority of the population. The Irish in Jamaica<\/a> also formed a large part of the island’s early population, making up two-thirds of the white population on the island in the late 17th century, twice that of the English population. They were brought in as indentured laborers and soldiers after the conquest of 1655. The majority of Irish were transported by force as political prisoners of war from Ireland as a result of the ongoing Wars of the Three Kingdoms<\/a>. Migration of large numbers of Irish to the island continued into the 18th century.<\/p>\n A limited form of local government was introduced with the creation of the House of Assembly of Jamaica<\/a> in 1664; however, it represented only a tiny number of rich plantation owners. In 1692, the colony was rocked by an earthquake<\/a> that resulted in several thousand deaths and the almost complete destruction of Port Royal.<\/p>\n During the 1700s the economy boomed, based largely on sugar and other crops such as coffee, cotton and indigo<\/a>. All these crops were worked by black slaves, who lived short and often brutal lives with no rights, being the property of a small planter-class. A large slave rebellion, known as Tacky’s War<\/a>, broke out in 1760 but was defeated by the British. During this period the British also attempted to consolidate their control over the island by defeating the Maroons, who continued to live in the interior under leaders such as Cudjoe<\/a> and Queen Nanny<\/a>. The First Maroon War (1728 \u2013 1739\/40)<\/a> ended in stalemate, as did a second conflict in 1795\u201396<\/a>; however, as a result of these wars many Maroons were expelled to Nova Scotia<\/a> and, later, Sierra Leone<\/a>.<\/p>\n By the beginning of the 19th century, Jamaica’s dependence on slave labor and a plantation economy had resulted in black people outnumbering white people by a ratio of almost 20 to 1. Although the British had outlawed the importation of slaves, some were still smuggled in from Spanish colonies and directly. While planning the abolition of slavery, the British Parliament passed laws to improve conditions for slaves. They banned the use of whips in the field and flogging of women; informed planters that slaves were to be allowed religious instruction, and required a free day during each week when slaves could sell their produce, prohibiting Sunday markets to enable slaves to attend church. The House of Assembly in Jamaica resented and resisted the new laws. Members, with membership then restricted to European-Jamaicans, claimed that the slaves were content and objected to Parliament’s interference in island affairs. Slave owners feared possible revolts if conditions were lightened.<\/p>\n The British abolished the slave trade in 1807<\/a>, but not the institution itself. In 1831 a huge slave rebellion, known as Baptist War<\/a>, broke out, led by the Baptist preacher Samuel Sharpe<\/a>.<\/p>\n The rebellion resulted in hundreds of deaths, the destruction of many plantations, and resulted in ferocious reprisals by the plantocracy class. As a result of rebellions such as these, as well as the efforts of abolitionists, the British outlawed slavery in its empire in 1834, with full emancipation from chattel slavery<\/a> declared in 1838. The population in 1834 was 371,070, of whom 15,000 were white, 5,000 free black; 40,000 ‘coloured’ or free people of color (mixed race); and 311,070 were slaves. The resulting labour shortage prompted the British to begin to “import” indentured servants to supplement the labor pool, as many freedmen resisted working on the plantations. Workers recruited from India began arriving in 1845, Chinese workers in 1854. Many South Asian and Chinese descendants continue to reside in Jamaica today.<\/p>\n Over the next 20 years, several epidemics of cholera<\/a>, scarlet fever<\/a>, and smallpox<\/a> hit the island, killing almost 60,000 people (about 10 per day). Nevertheless, in 1871 the census recorded a population of 506,154 people, 246,573 of which were males, and 259,581 females. Their races were recorded as 13,101 white, 100,346 coloured (mixed black and white), and 392,707 black. This period was marked by an economic slump, with many Jamaicans living in poverty. Dissatisfaction with this, and continued racial discrimination and marginalization of the black majority, led to the outbreak of the Morant Bay rebellion<\/a> in 1865 led by Paul Bogle<\/a>, which was put down by Governor John Eyre<\/a> with such brutality that he was recalled from his position.<\/p>\n His successor, John Peter Grant<\/a>, enacted a series of social, financial and political reforms while aiming to uphold firm British rule over the island, which became a Crown Colony in 1866. In 1872 the capital was transferred from Spanish Town to Kingston.<\/p>\n Unemployment and poverty remained a problem for many Jamaicans. Various movements seeking political change arose as a result, most notably the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League<\/a> founded by Marcus Garvey<\/a> in 1917. As well as seeking greater political rights and an improvement for the condition of workers, Garvey was also a prominent Pan-Africanist<\/a> and proponent of the Back-to-Africa movement<\/a>. He was also one of the chief inspirations behind Rastafari, a religion founded in Jamaica in the 1930s that combined Christianity with an Afrocentric<\/a> theology focused on the figure of Haile Selassie<\/a>, Emperor of Ethiopia<\/a>. Despite occasional persecution, Rastafari grew to become an established faith on the island, later spreading abroad.<\/p>\n The Great Depression of the 1930s<\/a> hit Jamaica hard. As part of the British West Indian labor unrest of 1934\u201339<\/a>, Jamaica saw numerous strikes, culminating in a strike in 1938 that turned into a full-blown riot. As a result, the British government instituted a commission<\/a> to look into the causes of the disturbances; their report recommended political and economic reforms in Britain’s Caribbean colonies. A new House of Representatives was established in 1944, elected by universal adult suffrage. During this period Jamaica’s two-party system emerged, with the creation of the Jamaican Labour Party (JLP)<\/a> under Alexander Bustamante<\/a> and the People’s National Party (PNP)<\/a> under Norman Manley<\/a>.<\/p>\n Jamaica slowly gained increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom. In 1958 it became a province in the Federation of the West Indies<\/a>, a federation of several of Britain’s Caribbean colonies<\/a>. Membership of the Federation proved to be divisive, however, and a referendum<\/a> on the issue saw a slight majority voting to leave. After leaving the Federation, Jamaica attained full independence on 6 August 1962. The new state retained, however, its membership in the Commonwealth of Nations (with the Queen as head of state) and adopted a Westminster-style parliamentary system. Bustamante, at the age of 78, became the country’s first prime minister.<\/p>\n Strong economic growth, averaging approximately 6% per annum, marked the first ten years of independence under conservative JLP governments; these were led by successive Prime Ministers Alexander Bustamante, Donald Sangster<\/a> (who died of natural causes within two months of taking office) and Hugh Shearer<\/a>. The growth was fueled by high levels of private investment in bauxite<\/a>\/alumina, tourism, the manufacturing industry and, to a lesser extent, the agricultural sector. In terms of foreign policy Jamaica became a member of the Non-Aligned Movement<\/a>, seeking to retain strong ties with Britain and the United States while also developing links with Communist states such as Cuba.<\/p>\n The optimism of the first decade was accompanied by a growing sense of inequality among many Afro-Jamaicans, and a concern that the benefits of growth were not being shared by the urban poor, many of whom ended up living in crime-ridden shanty towns in Kingston. This, combined with the effects of a slowdown in the global economy in 1970, led to the voters electing the PNP under Michael Manley<\/a> in 1972.<\/p>\n Manley’s government enacted various social reforms, such as a higher minimum wage, land reform, legislation for women’s equality, greater housing construction and an increase in educational provision. Internationally he improved ties with the Communist bloc and vigorously opposed the apartheid regime in South Africa. However, the economy faltered in this period due to a combination of internal and external factors (such as the oil shocks). The rivalry between the JLP and PNP became intense, and political and gang-related violence<\/a> grew significantly in this period.<\/p>\n By 1980, Jamaica’s gross national product had declined to some 25% below its 1972 level. Seeking change, Jamaicans voted the JLP back in in 1980 under Edward Seaga<\/a>. Firmly anti-Communist, Seaga cut ties with Cuba and sent troops to support the US invasion of Grenada<\/a> in 1983. The economic deterioration, however, continued into the mid-1980s, exacerbated by a number of factors. The largest and third-largest alumina producers, Alpart<\/a> and Alcoa<\/a>, closed; and there was a significant reduction in production by the second-largest producer, Alcan<\/a>. Reynolds Jamaica Mines, Ltd. left the Jamaican industry. There was also a decline in tourism, which was important to the economy. Owing to rising foreign and local debt, accompanied by large fiscal deficits, the government sought International Monetary Fund (IMF)<\/a> financing, which was dependent on implementing various austerity measures. These resulted in strikes in 1985 and a decline in support for the Seaga government, exacerbated by criticism of the government’s response to the devastation caused by Hurricane Gilbert<\/a> in 1988. Having now de-emphasized socialism and adopting a more centrist position, Michael Manley and the PNP were re-elected in 1989.<\/p>\n The PNP went on to win a string of elections, under Prime Ministers Michael Manley (1989\u20131992), P. J. Patterson<\/a> (1992\u20132005) and Portia Simpson-Miller<\/a> (2005\u20132007). During this period various economic reforms were introduced, such as deregulating the finance sector and floating the Jamaican dollar, as well as greater investment in infrastructure, while also retaining a strong social safety net. Political violence, so prevalent in the previous two decades, declined significantly. In 2007 the PNP were defeated by the JLP, ending 18 years of PNP rule; Bruce Golding<\/a> became the new prime minister. Golding’s tenure (2007-2010) was dominated by the effects of the global recession, as well as the fallout<\/a> from an attempt by Jamaican police and military to arrest drug lord Christopher Coke<\/a> in 2010 which erupted in violence, resulting in over 70 deaths. As a result of this incident Golding resigned and was replaced by Andrew Holness in 2011; Holness was defeated in the 2011 Jamaican general election, which saw Portia Miller-Simpson return to power, but Holness began a second term after winning the 2016 Jamaican general election.<\/p>\n Independence, however widely celebrated in Jamaica, has been questioned in the early 21st century. In 2011, a survey showed that approximately 60% of Jamaicans believe that the country would have been better off had it remained a British colony, with only 17% believing it would have been worse off, citing as problems years of social and fiscal mismanagement in the country.<\/p>\n Jamaica is the third largest island in the Caribbean. Mountains dominate the interior: the Don Figuerero, Santa Cruz, and May Day mountains in the west, the Dry Harbour Mountains<\/a> in the centre, and the John Crow Mountains<\/a> and Blue Mountains<\/a> in the east, the latter containing Blue Mountain Peak<\/a>, Jamaica’s tallest mountain at 2,256 m. They are surrounded by a narrow coastal plain. Jamaica only has two cities, the first being Kingston, the capital city and center of business, located on the south coast and the second being Montego Bay<\/a>, one of the best known cities in the Caribbean for tourism, located on the north coast. Kingston Harbour<\/a> is the seventh-largest natural harbor in the world, which contributed to the city being designated as the capital in 1872. Other towns of note include Portmore<\/a>, Spanish Town, Savanna la Mar<\/a>, Mandeville<\/a> and the resort towns of Ocho R\u00edos<\/a>, Port Antonio<\/a> and Negril<\/a>.<\/p>\n Tourist attractions include Dunn’s River Falls<\/a> in St. Ann, YS Falls in St. Elizabeth, the Blue Lagoon in Portland<\/a>, believed to be the crater of an extinct volcano, and Port Royal, site of a major earthquake in 1692 that helped form the island’s Palisadoes tombolo<\/a>.<\/p>\n Among the variety of terrestrial, aquatic and marine ecosystems are dry and wet limestone forests, rainforest, riparian woodland, wetlands, caves, rivers, seagrass beds and coral reefs. Among the island’s protected areas are the Cockpit Country<\/a>, Hellshire Hills<\/a>, and Litchfield forest reserves. In 1992, Jamaica’s first marine park, covering nearly 15 square kilometres (5.8 sq mi), was established in Montego Bay. Portland Bight Protected Area<\/a> was designated in 1999. The following year Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park<\/a> was created, covering roughly 300 square miles (780 km2) of a wilderness area which supports thousands of tree and fern species and rare animals.<\/p>\n There are several small islands off Jamaica’s coast, most notably those in Portland Bight such as Pigeon Island, Salt Island, Dolphin Island, Long Island, Great Goat Island<\/a> and Little Goat Island<\/a>, and also Lime Cay<\/a> located further east. Much further out \u2013 some 50\u201380 km off the south coast \u2013 lie the very small Morant Cays<\/a> and Pedro Cays<\/a>.<\/p>\n Jamaica is a mixed economy with both state enterprises and private sector businesses. Major sectors of the Jamaican economy include agriculture, mining, manufacturing, tourism, petroleum refining, financial and insurance services. Tourism and mining are the leading earners of foreign exchange.<\/p>\n Half the Jamaican economy relies on services, with half of its income coming from services such as tourism. An estimated 4.3 million foreign tourists visit Jamaica every year. According to the World Bank<\/a>, Jamaica is an upper-middle income country that, like its Caribbean neighbors, is vulnerable to the effects of climate change, flooding, and hurricanes. In 2018, Jamaica represented the CARICOM Caribbean Community<\/a> at the G20<\/a> and the G7<\/a> annual meetings. In 2019 Jamaica reported its lowest unemployment rate in 50 years.<\/p>\n The transport infrastructure in Jamaica consists of roadways, railways and air transport, with roadways forming the backbone of the island’s internal transport system.[71]<\/p>\n The Jamaican road network consists of almost 21,000 kilometres (13,000 mi) of roads, of which over 15,000 kilometres (9,300 mi) is paved. The Jamaican Government has, since the late 1990s and in cooperation with private investors, embarked on a campaign of infrastructural improvement projects, one of which includes the creation of a system of freeways, the first such access-controlled roadways of their kind on the island, connecting the main population centres of the island. This project has so far seen the completion of 33 kilometres (21 mi) of freeway.<\/p>\n Railways in Jamaica no longer enjoy the prominent position they once did, having been largely replaced by roadways as the primary means of transport. Of the 272 kilometres (169 mi) of railway found in Jamaica, only 57 kilometres (35 mi) remain in operation, currently used to transport bauxite. On 13 April 2011, a limited passenger service was resumed between May Pen, Spanish Town and Linstead.<\/p>\n There are three international airports in Jamaica with modern terminals, long runways, and the navigational equipment required to accommodate the large jet aircraft used in modern air travel: Norman Manley International Airport<\/a> in Kingston; Ian Fleming International Airport<\/a> in Boscobel<\/a>, Saint Mary Parish<\/a>; and the island’s largest and busiest airport, Sir Donald Sangster International Airport<\/a> in the resort city of Montego Bay. Manley and Sangster International airports were home to the country’s national airline, Air Jamaica<\/a>. In addition there are local commuter airports at Tinson Pen (Kingston)<\/a>, Port Antonio, and Negril, which cater to internal flights only. Many other small, rural centres are served by private airstrips on sugar estates or bauxite mines.<\/p>\n The flag of Jamaica was adopted on 6 August 1962 (Jamaican Independence Day), the country having gained independence from the British-protected Federation of the West Indies. The flag consists of a gold saltire, which divides the flag into four sections: two of them green (top and bottom) and two black (hoist and fly). It is currently the only national flag that does not contain the colors red, white, or blue.<\/p>\n The present design emerged from those sent in by the public in a national competition. It was originally designed with horizontal stripes, but this was considered too similar to the flag of Tanganyika<\/a> (as it was in 1962, only the yellow stripes are thinner), and so the saltire was substituted.<\/p>\n An earlier interpretation of the colours was, “hardships there are but the land is green and the sun shineth” as stated in the government Ministry Paper 28 – National Flag dated 22 May 1962. Gold recalls the shining sun, black reflects hardships, and green represents the land. It was changed in 1996 to black representing the strength and creativity of the people which has allowed them to overcome difficulties, gold for the wealth of the country and the golden sunshine, and green for the lush vegetation of the island, as well as hope. The change was made on the recommendation of the Committee to Examine National Symbols and National Observances appointed by the then Prime Minister P. J. Patterson<\/a> and chaired by Milton “Rex” Nettleford.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" The flag of Jamaica was adopted on 6 August 1962 (Jamaican Independence Day), the country having gained independence from the British-protected Federation of the West Indies. The flag consists of a gold saltire, which divides the flag into four sections: two of them green (top and bottom) and two black (hoist and fly). It is currently the only national flag that does not contain the colors red, white, or blue.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6639,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"default","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[32,59,5,6,7,29,41,18,17,20,60],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6347"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6347"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6347\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6639"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6347"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6347"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6347"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/10\/Map-of-the-Caribbean-300x209.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>History:<\/h2>\n
Prehistory:<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/10\/Arawak-Village-of-1860-205x300.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Spanish Rule (1509\u20131655):<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/10\/Spanish-Town-Today-300x225.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Early British Period:<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/10\/Sir-William-Penn-244x300.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/10\/Former-House-of-Assembly-in-Spanish-Town-300x136.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>18th\u201319th Centuries:<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/10\/Sierra-Leone-on-the-Globe-300x279.png\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/10\/A-Plantation-Set-Alight-During-the-Baptist-War-300x161.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/10\/Paul-Bogle-225x300.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Early 20th Century:<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/10\/Marcus-Garvey-196x300.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/10\/Norman-Manley-236x300.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Post-Independence Era:<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/10\/Michael-Manley-239x300.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/10\/Andrew-Holness-300x300.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Geography:<\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/10\/Dunns-River-Falls-300x199.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/10\/Topographic-Map-of-Jamaica-300x126.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Economy:<\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/10\/Treemap-of-Jamaica-Exports-2017-300x300.png\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Transportation:<\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/10\/Norman-Manley-International-Airport-300x225.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Flag of Jamaica:<\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2020\/08\/Flag-of-Jamaica-300x150.png\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>