![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/05\/Pakistan-on-the-Globe-300x300.png\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Pakistan is the site of several ancient cultures, most notably the 8,500-year-old Neolithic site of Mehrgarh<\/a>, the oldest in South Asia, and the Bronze Age<\/a> Indus Valley Civilization<\/a>, the most extensive of the civilizations of the Old World. The region of Pakistan was the realm of empires and dynasties, including the Archaemenid<\/a>; briefly that of Alexander the Great<\/a>; the Seleucid<\/a>, Maurya<\/a>, Kushan<\/a>, the Gupta<\/a>; the Umayyad Caliphate<\/a> in its southern regions, the Ghaznavids<\/a>, the Delhi Sultanate<\/a>, the Mughals<\/a>, the Durrani Empire<\/a>, the Sikh Empire<\/a> (in the Punjab<\/a> region), East India Company rule, and, most recently, the British Indian Empire from 1858 to 1947.<\/p>\n Spurred by the Pakistan Movement, which sought a homeland for the Muslims of British India, and election victories in 1946 by the Muslim League, Pakistan won independence in 1947 after the Partition of the British Indian Empire, which awarded separate statehood to its Muslim-majority regions and was accompanied by an unparalleled migration and loss of life. Pakistan is an ethnically and linguistically diverse country, with similarly diverse geography and wildlife. Initially a dominion of the British Commonwealth, Pakistan adopted a constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. In 1971 East Pakistan seceded as the new country of Bangladesh<\/a> after a civil war. During the following four decades, Pakistan was ruled by governments whose descriptions, although complex, commonly alternated between civilian and military, democratic and authoritarian, relatively secular and Islamicist. Pakistan elected a civilian government 2008, and in 2010 adopted a parliamentary system with periodic elections.<\/p>\n Pakistan has the sixth-largest standing armed forces in the world; it is a nuclear power and a declared nuclear-weapons state. It is ranked among the emerging and growth-leading economies, and has a large and fast-growing middle class. Pakistan’s political history since independence has been characterized by periods of significant economic and military growth as well those of political and economic instability. The country faces challenges including poverty, illiteracy, and corruption. Pakistan is a member of the UN<\/a>, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation<\/a>, the OIC<\/a>, the Commonwealth of Nations<\/a>, the SAARC<\/a>, the Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition<\/a>, and is a major non-NATO ally.<\/p>\n Some of the earliest ancient human civilizations in South Asia originated from areas encompassing present-day Pakistan. The earliest known inhabitants in the region were Soanian<\/a> during the Lower Paleolithic<\/a>, of whom stone tools have been found in the Soan Valley<\/a> of Punjab<\/a>. The Indus region, which covers most of present day Pakistan, was the site of several successive ancient cultures including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation<\/a> (2,800\u20131,800 BCE) at Harappa<\/a> and Mohenjo-Daro<\/a>.<\/p>\n The Vedic period<\/a> (1500\u2013500 BCE) was characterized by an Indo-Aryan culture; during this period the Vedas<\/a>, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism<\/a>, were composed, and this culture later became well established in the region. Successive ancient empires and kingdoms ruled the region: the Persian Achaemenid Empire (around 519 BCE), Alexander the Great’s empire in 326 BCE and the Maurya Empire, founded by Chandragupta Maurya<\/a> and extended by Ashoka the Great<\/a>, until 185 BCE. The Indo-Greek Kingdom<\/a> founded by Demetrius of Bactria<\/a> (180\u2013165 BCE) included Gandhara and Punjab and reached its greatest extent under Menander<\/a> (165\u2013150 BCE), prospering the Greco-Buddhist culture in the region.<\/p>\n At its zenith, the Rai Dynasty<\/a> (489\u2013632 CE) of Sindh<\/a> ruled this region and the surrounding territories. The Pala Dynasty<\/a> was the last Buddhist empire, which, under Dharmapala<\/a> and Devapala<\/a>, stretched across South Asia from what is now Bangladesh through Northern India to Pakistan.<\/p>\n The Arab conqueror Muhammad bin Qasim<\/a> conquered Sindh in 711 CE. The Early Medieval period (642\u20131219 CE) witnessed the spread of Islam in the region. These developments set the stage for the rule of several successive Muslim empires in the region, including the Ghaznavid Empire (975\u20131187 CE), the Ghorid Kingdom<\/a>, and the Delhi Sultanate (1206\u20131526 CE). The Lodi dynasty<\/a>, the last of the Delhi Sultanate, was replaced by the Mughal Empire<\/a> (1526\u20131857 CE).<\/p>\n The Mughals introduced Persian literature and high culture, establishing the roots of Indo-Persian culture in the region. In the early 16th century, the region remained under the Mughal Empire ruled by Muslim emperors. By the early 18th century, increasing European influence contributed to the slow disintegration of the Mughal Empire as the lines between commercial and political dominance became increasingly blurred.<\/p>\n During this time, the English East India Company<\/a> had established coastal outposts. Control over the seas, greater resources, technology, and British military protection led the Company to increasingly flex its military muscle, allowing the Company to gain control over the subcontinent by 1765 and sideline European competitors. Expanding access beyond Bengal and the subsequent increased strength and size of its army enabled it to annex or subdue most of region by the 1820s.<\/p>\n Many historians see this as the start of the region’s colonial period. By this time, with its economic power severely curtailed by the British parliament and itself effectively made an arm of British administration, the Company began more deliberately to enter non-economic arenas such as education, social reform, and culture. Such reforms included the enforcement of the English Education Act<\/a> in 1835 and the introduction of the Indian Civil Service (ICS)<\/a>. Traditional madrasahs<\/a>\u2014primary institutions of higher learning for Muslims in the subcontinent\u2014were no longer supported by the English Crown, and nearly all of the madrasahs lost their financial endowment.<\/p>\n The gradual decline of the Mughal Empire in the early 18th century enabled the Sikh Empire to control larger areas until the British East India Company gained ascendancy over South Asia. A rebellion in 1857 called the Sepoy mutiny of Bengal<\/a> was the region’s major armed struggle against the British Empire and Queen Victoria. Divergence in the relationship between Hinduism and Islam created a major rift in British India that led to motivated religious violence in British India. The language controversy further escalated the tensions between Hindus and Muslims. The Hindu renaissance witnessed an awakening of intellectualism in traditional Hinduism and saw the emergence of more assertive influence in the social and political spheres in British India. A Muslim intellectual movement<\/a>, founded by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan<\/a> to counter the Hindu renaissance, envisioned, as well as advocated for the two-nation theory, and led to the creation of the All-India Muslim League<\/a> in 1906.<\/p>\n In contrast to the Indian National Congress’s<\/a> anti-British efforts, the Muslim League was a pro-British movement whose political program inherited the British values that would shape Pakistan’s future civil society. In events during World War I<\/a>, British Intelligence foiled an anti-English conspiracy involving the nexus of Congress and the German Empire. The largely non-violent independence struggle led by the Indian Congress engaged millions of protesters in mass campaigns of civil disobedience in the 1920s and 1930s against the British Empire.<\/p>\n The Muslim League slowly rose to mass popularity in the 1930s amid fears of under-representation and neglect of British Muslims in politics. In his presidential address of 29 December 1930, Allama Iqbal called for “the amalgamation of North-West Muslim-majority Indian states” consisting of Punjab<\/a>, North-West Frontier Province<\/a>, Sind<\/a>, and Baluchistan<\/a>. The perceived neglect of Muslim interests by Congress led British provincial governments during the period of 1937\u201339 convinced Muhammad Ali Jinnah<\/a>, the founder of Pakistan to espouse the two-nation theory and led the Muslim League to adopt the Lahore Resolution of 1940<\/a> presented by Sher-e-Bangla A.K. Fazlul Haque<\/a>, popularly known as the Pakistan Resolution.<\/p>\n In World War II<\/a>, Jinnah and British-educated founding fathers in the Muslim League supported the United Kingdom’s war efforts, countering opposition against it whilst working towards Sir Syed’s vision.<\/p>\n The 1946 elections resulted in the Muslim League winning 90 percent of the seats reserved for Muslims. Thus, the 1946 election was effectively a plebiscite in which the Indian Muslims were to vote on the creation of Pakistan, a plebiscite won by the Muslim League. This victory was assisted by the support given to the Muslim League by the support of the landowners of Sindh and Punjab. The Congress, which initially denied the Muslim League’s claim of being the sole representative of Indian Muslims, was now forced to recognize the fact. The British had no alternative except to take Jinnah’s views into account as he had emerged as the sole spokesperson of the entirety of British India’s Muslims. However, the British did not want colonial India to be partitioned, and in one last effort to prevent it, they devised the Cabinet Mission plan.<\/p>\n As the cabinet mission failed, the British government announced its intention to end the British Rule in 1946\u201347. Nationalists in British India\u2014including Jawaharlal Nehru<\/a> and Abul Kalam Azad<\/a> of Congress, Jinnah of the All-India Muslim League, and Master Tara Singh<\/a> representing the Sikhs\u2014agreed to the proposed terms of transfer of power and independence in June 1947 with the Viceroy of India, Lord Mountbatten of Burma. As the United Kingdom agreed to the partitioning of India<\/a> in 1947, the modern state of Pakistan was established on 14 August 1947 (27th of Ramadan in 1366 of the Islamic Calendar), amalgamating the Muslim-majority eastern and northwestern regions of British India. It comprised the provinces of Balochistan, East Bengal, the North-West Frontier Province, West Punjab, and Sindh.<\/p>\n In the riots that accompanied the partition in Punjab Province, it is believed that between 200,000 and 2,000,000 people were killed in what some have described as a retributive genocide between the religions while 50,000 Muslim women were abducted and raped by Hindu and Sikh men and 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women also experienced the same fate at the hands of Muslims. Around 6.5 million Muslims moved from India to West Pakistan and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs moved from West Pakistan to India. It was the largest mass migration in human history. A subsequent dispute over the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir<\/a> eventually sparked the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947\u20131948.<\/a><\/p>\n After independence in 1947, Jinnah, the President of the Muslim League, became the nation’s first Governor-General as well as the first President-Speaker of the Parliament, but he died of tuberculosis on 11 September 1948. Meanwhile, Pakistan’s founding fathers agreed to appoint Liaquat Ali Khan<\/a>, the secretary-general of the party, the nation’s first Prime Minister.<\/p>\n In 1970 Pakistan held its first democratic elections since independence, meant to mark a transition from military rule to democracy, but after the East Pakistani Awami League won against the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), Yahya Khan<\/a> and the military establishment refused to hand over power. Operation Searchlight<\/a>, a military crackdown on the Bengali nationalist movement, led to a declaration of independence and the waging of a war of liberation by the Bengali Mukti Bahini forces in East Pakistan, which in West Pakistan was described as a civil war as opposed to a war of liberation.<\/p>\n Democracy ended with a military coup in 1977 against the leftist PPP, which saw General Zia-ul-Haq<\/a> become the president in 1978. From 1977 to 1988, President Zia’s corporatization and economic Islamization initiatives led to Pakistan becoming one of the fastest-growing economies in South Asia. While building up the country’s nuclear program, increasing Islamization, and the rise of a homegrown conservative philosophy, Pakistan helped subsidize and distribute US resources to factions of the mujahedeen against the USSR’s intervention in communist Afghanistan. Pakistan’s North-West Frontier Province became a base for the anti-Soviet Afghan fighters, with the province’s influential Deobandi ulama playing a significant role in encouraging and organizing the ‘jihad’.<\/p>\n President Zia died in a plane crash in 1988, and Benazir Bhutto<\/a>, daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto<\/a>, was elected as the country’s first female Prime Minister. The PPP was followed by conservative Pakistan Muslim League (N), and over the next decade the leaders of the two parties fought for power, alternating in office while the country’s situation worsened; economic indicators fell sharply, in contrast to the 1980s.<\/p>\n This period is marked by prolonged stagflation, instability, corruption, nationalism, geopolitical rivalry with India, and the clash of left wing-right wing ideologies. As PML secured a supermajority in elections in 1997, Sharif authorized nuclear testing as a retaliation to the second nuclear tests ordered by India, led by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee<\/a> in May 1998.<\/p>\n Military tension between the two countries in the Kargil district<\/a> led to the Kargil War of 1999<\/a>, and turmoil in civic-military relations allowed General Pervez Musharraf<\/a> to take over through a bloodless coup d’\u00e9tat. Musharraf governed Pakistan as chief executive from 1999 to 2001 and as President from 2001 to 2008\u2014a period of enlightenment, social liberalism, extensive economic reforms, and direct involvement in the US-led war on terrorism. When the National Assembly historically completed its first full five-year term on 15 November 2007, the new elections were called by the Election Commission.<\/p>\n After the assassination of Benazir Bhutto in 2007, the PPP secured the most votes in the elections of 2008, appointing party member Yousaf Raza Gillani<\/a> as Prime Minister. Threatened with impeachment, President Musharraf resigned on 18 August 2008, and was succeeded by Asif Ali Zardari<\/a>. The general election held in 2013 saw the PML (N) almost achieve a supermajority, following which Nawaz Sharif<\/a> was elected as the Prime Minister, returning to the post for the third time in fourteen years, in a democratic transition. In 2018, Imran Khan<\/a> (the chairman of PTI) won the 2018 Pakistan general election with 116 general seats and became the 22nd Prime Minister of Pakistan in election of National Assembly of Pakistan for Prime Minister by getting 176 votes against Shehbaz Sharif<\/a> (the chairman of PML (N)) who got 96 votes.<\/p>\n Pakistan covers an area of 881,913 km2 (340,509 sq mi), approximately equal to the combined land areas of France and the United Kingdom. Pakistan has a 1,046 km (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and land borders of 6,774 km (4,209 mi) in total: 2,430 km (1,510 mi) with Afghanistan, 523 km (325 mi) with China, 2,912 km (1,809 mi) with India and 909 km (565 mi) with Iran. It shares a marine border with Oman, and is separated from Tajikistan by the cold, narrow Wakhan Corridor<\/a>. Pakistan occupies a geopolitically important location at the crossroads of South Asia, the Middle East, and Central Asia.<\/p>\n Pakistan is divided into three major geographic areas: the northern highlands, the Indus River<\/a> plain, and the Balochistan Plateau. The northern highlands contain the Karakoram<\/a>, Hindu Kush<\/a>, and Pamir<\/a> mountain ranges, which contain some of the world’s highest peaks, including five of the fourteen eight-thousanders (mountain peaks over 8,000 metres or 26,250 feet), which attract adventurers and mountaineers from all over the world, notably K2<\/a> (8,611 m or 28,251 ft) and Nanga Parbat<\/a> (8,126 m or 26,660 ft). The Balochistan Plateau lies in the west and the Thar Desert<\/a> in the east. The 1,609 km (1,000 mi) Indus River and its tributaries flow through the country from the Kashmir region to the Arabian Sea. There is an expanse of alluvial plains along it in the Punjab and Sindh.<\/p>\n Pakistan is considered a developing country and is one of the Next Eleven<\/a>, a group of eleven countries that, along with the BRICs<\/a>, have a high potential to become the world’s largest economies in the 21st century. The economy is considered to be semi-industrialized, with centers of growth along the Indus River. The diversified economies of Karachi and Punjab’s urban centers coexist with less-developed areas in other parts of the country, particularly in Balochistan.<\/p>\n The structure of the Pakistani economy has changed from a mainly agricultural to a strong service base. Agriculture as of 2015 accounts for only 20.9% of the GDP. Even so, according to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Pakistan produced 21,591,400 metric tons of wheat in 2005, more than all of Africa (20,304,585 metric tons) and nearly as much as all of South America (24,557,784 metric tons). Majority of the population, directly or indirectly, is dependent on this sector. It accounts for 43.5% of employed labor force and is the largest source of foreign exchange earnings.<\/p>\n A large portion of the country’s manufactured exports is dependent on raw materials such as cotton and hides. The country is also the fifth-largest producer of cotton, with cotton production of 14 million bales from a modest beginning of 1.7 million bales in the early 1950s; is self-sufficient in sugarcane; and is the fourth-largest producer in the world of milk.<\/p>\n Industry is the third-largest sector of the economy, accounting for 20.3% of gross domestic product (GDP), and 13 percent of total employment. In 2012 and 2013, the cement industry in Pakistan became the most profitable sector of the economy.<\/p>\n The textile industry has a pivotal position in the manufacturing sector of Pakistan. In Asia, Pakistan is the eighth-largest exporter of textile products, contributing 9.5% to the GDP and providing employment to around 15 million people (some 30% of the 49 million people in the workforce). Pakistan is the fourth-largest producer of cotton with the third-largest spinning capacity in Asia after China and India, contributing 5% to the global spinning capacity.<\/p>\n Services sector has 58.8% share in GDP and has emerged as the main driver of economic growth.<\/p>\n Motorways of Pakistan are a network of multiple-lane, high-speed, controlled-access highways in Pakistan, which are owned, maintained, and operated federally by Pakistan’s National Highway Authority. As of 20 February 2020, 1882 km of motorways are operational, while an additional 1854 km are under construction or planned.<\/p>\n Pakistan’s motorways are an important part of Pakistan’s “National Trade Corridor Project”, which aims to link Pakistan’s three Arabian Sea ports (Karachi Port<\/a>, Port Bin Qasim<\/a> and Gwadar<\/a> Port) to the rest of the country through its national highways and motorways network and further north with Afghanistan<\/a>, Central Asia<\/a> and China<\/a>. The project was planned in 1990. The China Pakistan Economic Corridor<\/a> project aims to link Gwadar Port and Kashgar<\/a> (China) using Pakistani motorways, national highways, and expressways.<\/p>\n Highways form the backbone of Pakistan’s transport system; a total road length of 263,942 kilometers (164,006 miles) accounts for 92% of passengers and 96% of inland freight traffic.<\/p>\n The Pakistan Railways<\/a>, under the Ministry of Railways (MoR), operates the railroad system. From 1947 until the 1970s the train system was the primary means of transport until the nationwide constructions of the national highways and the economic boom of the automotive industry. Beginning in the 1990s there was a marked shift in traffic from rail to highways; dependence grew on roads after the introduction of vehicles in the country. Now the railway’s share of inland traffic is below 8% for passengers and 4% for freight traffic. Pakistan expects to use the rail service to boost foreign trade with China, Iran, and Turkey.<\/p>\n There are an estimated 139 airports and airfields in Pakistan\u2014including both the military and the mostly publicly owned civilian airports. Although Jinnah International Airport<\/a> is the principal international gateway to Pakistan, the international airports in Lahore<\/a>, Islamabad<\/a>, Peshawar<\/a>, Quetta<\/a>, Faisalabad<\/a>, Sialkot<\/a>, and Multan<\/a> also handle significant amounts of traffic.<\/p>\n While the state-owned Pakistan International Airlines (PIA)<\/a> is the major and dominant air carrier that carries about 73% of domestic passengers and all domestic freight, the private airlines such as airBlue<\/a> and Air Indus<\/a>, also provide similar services at a low cost.<\/p>\n Major seaports are in Karachi, Sindh (the Karachi port, Port Qasim). Since the 1990s some seaport operations have been moved to Balochistan with the construction of Gwadar Port, Port of Pasni<\/a> and Gadani Port<\/a>. Gwadar Port is the deepest sea port of the world.<\/p>\n The National Flag of Pakistan was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on 11 August 1947, three days before the country’s independence, when it was adopted by the All-India Muslim League as the official flag-to-be of the Dominion of Pakistan. The flag was retained upon the establishment of a constitution in 1956, and remains in use as the national flag for the present-day Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The flag is made up of a green field with a tilted white crescent moon and five-pointed star at its centre, and a vertical white stripe at its hoist-end.<\/p>\n The green represents the Muslim majority in Pakistan and the white stripe represents the various religious minorities. The crescent represents progress and the five-pointed star represents light and knowledge. The flag symbolizes Pakistan’s commitment to Islam and the rights of religious minorities.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" The National Flag of Pakistan was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan on 11 August 1947, three days before the country’s independence, when it was adopted by the All-India Muslim League as the official flag-to-be of the Dominion of Pakistan. The flag was retained upon the establishment of a constitution in 1956, and remains in use as the national flag for the present-day Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The flag is made up of a green field with a tilted white crescent moon and five-pointed star at its centre, and a vertical white stripe at its hoist-end. <\/p>\n The green represents the Muslim majority in Pakistan and the white stripe represents the various religious minorities. The crescent represents progress and the five-pointed star represents light and knowledge. The flag symbolises Pakistan’s commitment to Islam and the rights of religious minorities.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8414,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"default","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[36,59,5,6,7,31,18,60],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7962"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7962"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7962\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8414"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7962"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7962"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7962"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/05\/City-and-Province-Map-of-Pakistan-286x300.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>History:<\/h2>\n
Early and Medieval Age:<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/05\/Indus-Priest-King-Statue-from-Mohenjo-Daro.-232x300.jpeg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Islamic Conquest:<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/05\/Mughal-Empire-212x300.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/05\/Royal-Mosque-in-Lahore-300x192.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Colonial Period:<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/05\/Sir-Syed-Ahmad-Khan-197x300.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/05\/Muhammad-Ali-Jinnah-229x300.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Pakistan Movement:<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/05\/Religious-Majorities-in-British-India-1909-300x243.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/05\/Jammu-and-Kashmir-300x298.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Independence and Modern Pakistan:<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/05\/Liaquat-Ali-Khan-218x300.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/05\/Muhammad-Zia-ul-Haq-250x300.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/05\/Benazir-Bhutto-225x300.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/05\/Pervez-Musharraf-225x300.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Geography:<\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/05\/Satellite-Image-of-Pakistan-229x300.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Economy:<\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/05\/TV-Factory-in-Lahore-300x300.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/05\/Pakistan-Export-Treemap-300x235.png\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/05\/Coal-Mining-in-Sindh-300x210.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Transportation:<\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/05\/Major-Roads-of-Pakistan-300x247.gif\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/05\/Jinnah-International-Airport-300x169.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Flag of Pakistan:<\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/05\/Flag-of-Pakistan-300x200.png\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>