![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/06\/Peru-on-the-Globe.png\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Peruvian territory was home to several ancient cultures. Ranging from the Norte Chico civilization<\/a> starting in 3500 BCE, the oldest civilization in the Americas and one of the five cradles of civilization, to the Inca Empire<\/a>, the largest state in the pre-Columbian Americas, the territory now including Peru has one of the longest histories of civilization of any country, tracing its heritage back to the 4th millennia BCE.<\/p>\n The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a viceroyalty that encompassed most of its South American territories, with its capital in Lima. Peru formally proclaimed independence in 1821, and following the foreign military campaigns of Jos\u00e9 de San Mart\u00edn<\/a> and Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar<\/a>, and the decisive battle of Ayacucho<\/a>, Peru completed its independence in 1824. In the ensuing years, the country enjoyed relative economic and political stability<\/a>, which ended shortly before the War of the Pacific<\/a> (1879\u20131884) with Chile.<\/p>\n Throughout the 20th century, Peru endured armed territorial disputes, coups, social unrest, and internal conflicts, as well as periods of stability and economic upswing. Alberto Fujimori<\/a> was elected to the presidency in 1990; his government was credited with economically stabilizing Peru and successfully ending the Shining Path<\/a> insurgency, though he was widely accused of human rights violations and suppression of political dissent. Fujimori left the presidency in 2000 and was charged with human rights violations and imprisoned. Even after the president’s regime, Fujimori’s followers, called Fujimoristas, have caused political turmoil for any opposing faction in power. The last elected president Pedro Pablo Kuczynski<\/a> resigned in March 2018 after a corruption scandal went public and to avoid impeachment by a congress dominated by Fujimoristas.<\/p>\n The sovereign state of Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Peru is a developing country, ranking 82nd on the Human Development Index, with a high level of human development with an upper middle income level and a poverty rate around 19 percent. It is one of the region’s most prosperous economies with an average growth rate of 5.9% and it has one of the world’s fastest industrial growth rates at an average of 9.6%. Its main economic activities include mining, manufacturing, agriculture and fishing; along with other growing sectors such as telecommunications and biotechnology. The country forms part of The Pacific Pumas<\/a>, a political and economic grouping of countries along Latin America’s Pacific coast that share common trends of positive growth, stable macroeconomic foundations, improved governance and an openness to global integration. Peru ranks high in social freedom; it is an active member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation<\/a>, the Pacific Alliance<\/a>, the Trans-Pacific Partnership<\/a> and the World Trade Organization<\/a>; and is considered as a middle power.<\/p>\n Peru has a population of 32 million, which includes Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua<\/a> or other indigenous languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music.<\/p>\n The earliest evidences of human presence in Peruvian territory have been dated to approximately 12,500 BCE in the Huaca Prieta<\/a> settlement.<\/p>\n Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as irrigation and terracing; camelid husbandry and fishing were also important. Organization relied on reciprocity and redistribution because these societies had no notion of market or money. The oldest known complex society in Peru, the Caral\/Norte Chico civilization, flourished along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3,000 and 1,800 BCE. These early developments were followed by archaeological cultures that developed mostly around the coastal and Andean regions throughout Peru. The Cupisnique<\/a> culture which flourished from around 1000 to 200 BCE along what is now Peru’s Pacific Coast was an example of early pre-Incan culture.<\/p>\n The Chav\u00edn culture<\/a> that developed from 1500 to 300 BCE was probably more of a religious than a political phenomenon, with their religious center in Chav\u00edn de Huantar<\/a>. After the decline of the Chavin culture around the beginning of the 1st century CE, a series of localized and specialized cultures rose and fell, both on the coast and in the highlands, during the next thousand years. On the coast, these included the civilizations of the Paracas<\/a>, Nazca<\/a>, Wari<\/a>, and the more outstanding Chimu<\/a> and Moche<\/a>.<\/p>\n The Moche, who reached their apogee in the first millennium CE, were renowned for their irrigation system which fertilized their arid terrain, their sophisticated ceramic pottery, their lofty buildings, and clever metalwork. The Chimu were the great city builders of pre-Inca civilization; as loose confederation of walled cities scattered along the coast of northern Peru, the Chimu flourished from about 1140 to 1450. Their capital was at Chan Chan<\/a> outside of modern-day Trujillo<\/a>. In the highlands, both the Tiahuanaco<\/a> culture, near Lake Titicaca in both Peru and Bolivia, and the Wari culture, near the present-day city of Ayacucho<\/a>, developed large urban settlements and wide-ranging state systems between 500 and 1000 CE.<\/p>\n In the 15th century, the Incas<\/a> emerged as a powerful state which, in the span of a century, formed the largest empire in the pre-Columbian Americas with their capital in Cusco<\/a>. The Incas of Cusco originally represented one of the small and relatively minor ethnic groups, the Quechuas. Gradually, as early as the thirteenth century, they began to expand and incorporate their neighbors. Inca expansion was slow until about the middle of the fifteenth century, when the pace of conquest began to accelerate, particularly under the rule of the emperor Pachacuti. Under his rule and that of his son, Topa Inca Yupanqui<\/a>, the Incas came to control most of the Andean region, with a population of 9 to 16 million inhabitants under their rule.<\/p>\n Pachacuti also promulgated a comprehensive code of laws to govern his far-flung empire, while consolidating his absolute temporal and spiritual authority as the God of the Sun who ruled from a magnificently rebuilt Cusco. From 1438 to 1533, the Incas used a variety of methods, from conquest to peaceful assimilation, to incorporate a large portion of western South America, centered on the Andean mountain ranges, from southern Colombia to northern Chile, between the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Amazon rainforest in the east. The official language of the empire was Quechua, although hundreds of local languages and dialects were spoken. The Inca referred to their empire as Tawantinsuyu which can be translated as “The Four Regions” or “The Four United Provinces.” Many local forms of worship persisted in the empire, most of them concerning local sacred Huacas, but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of Inti, the sun god and imposed its sovereignty above other cults such as that of Pachamama<\/a>. The Incas considered their King, the Sapa Inca<\/a>, to be the “child of the sun.”<\/p>\n Atahualpa (also Atahuallpa), the last Sapa Inca, became emperor when he defeated and executed his older half-brother Hu\u00e1scar<\/a> in a civil war sparked by the death of their father, Inca Huayna Capac. In December 1532, a party of conquistadors (supported by the Chankas<\/a>, Huancas<\/a>, Ca\u00f1aris<\/a> and Chachapoyas<\/a> as Indian auxiliaries) led by Francisco Pizarro<\/a> defeated and captured the Inca Emperor Atahualpa in the Battle of Cajamarca<\/a>.<\/p>\n The Spanish conquest of Peru was one of the most important campaigns in the Spanish colonization of the Americas<\/a>. After years of preliminary exploration and military conflicts, it was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting but ended in Spanish victory and colonization of the region known as the Viceroyalty of Peru with its capital at Lima, which was then known as “La Ciudad de los Reyes” (The City of Kings). The conquest of Peru led to spin-off campaigns throughout the viceroyalty as well as expeditions towards the Amazon Basin as in the case of Spanish efforts to quell Amerindian resistance. The last Inca resistance was suppressed when the Spaniards annihilated the Neo-Inca State<\/a> in Vilcabamba<\/a> in 1572.<\/p>\n By the 18th century, declining silver production and economic diversification greatly diminished royal income. In response, the Crown enacted the Bourbon Reforms<\/a>, a series of edicts that increased taxes and partitioned the Viceroyalty. Eventually, the viceroyalty would dissolve, as with much of the Spanish empire, when challenged by national independence movements at the beginning of the nineteenth century.<\/p>\n In the early 19th century, while most South American nations were swept by wars of independence, Peru remained a royalist stronghold. As the elite vacillated between emancipation and loyalty to the Spanish Monarchy, independence was achieved only after the occupation by military campaigns of Jos\u00e9 de San Mart\u00edn<\/a> and Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar<\/a>.<\/p>\n Simon Bolivar launched his campaign from the north, liberating the Viceroyalty of New Granada<\/a> in the Battles of Carabobo<\/a> in 1821 and Pichincha<\/a> a year later. In July 1822, Bolivar and San Martin gathered in the Guayaquil Conference<\/a>. Bolivar was left in charge of fully liberating Peru while San Martin retired from politics after the first parliament was assembled. The newly founded Peruvian Congress named Bolivar dictator of Peru, giving him the power to organize the military.<\/p>\n With the help of Antonio Jos\u00e9 de Sucre<\/a>, they defeated the larger Spanish army in the Battle of Jun\u00edn<\/a> on 6 August 1824 and the decisive Battle of Ayacucho<\/a> on 9 December of the same year, consolidating the independence of Peru and Alto Peru. Alto Peru was later established as Bolivia. During the early years of the Republic, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability.<\/p>\n From the 1840s to the 1860s, Peru enjoyed a period of stability under the presidency of Ram\u00f3n Castilla<\/a>, through increased state revenues from guano exports. However, by the 1870s, these resources had been depleted, the country was heavily indebted, and political in-fighting was again on the rise. Peru embarked on a railroad-building program that helped but also bankrupted the country.<\/p>\n In 1879, Peru entered the War of the Pacific<\/a> which lasted until 1884. Bolivia invoked its alliance with Peru against Chile. The Peruvian Government tried to mediate the dispute by sending a diplomatic team to negotiate with the Chilean government, but the committee concluded that war was inevitable.<\/p>\n Chile declared war on 5 April 1879. Almost five years of war ended with the loss of the department of Tarapac\u00e1<\/a> and the provinces of Tacna<\/a> and Arica<\/a>, in the Atacama region. After the War of the Pacific, an extraordinary effort of rebuilding began. The government started to initiate a number of social and economic reforms in order to recover from the damage of the war. Political stability was achieved only in the early 1900s.<\/p>\n Internal struggles after the war were followed by a period of stability under the Civilista Party, which lasted until the onset of the authoritarian regime of Augusto B. Legu\u00eda<\/a>. The Great Depression caused the downfall of Legu\u00eda, renewed political turmoil, and the emergence of the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA). A final peace treaty in 1929, signed between Peru and Chile called the Treaty of Lima<\/a>, returned Tacna to Peru. Between 1932 and 1933, Peru was engulfed in a year-long war with Colombia<\/a> over a territorial dispute involving the Amazonas Department<\/a> and its capital Leticia<\/a>.<\/p>\n Later, in 1941, Peru and Ecuador fought the Ecuadorian\u2013Peruvian War<\/a>, after which the Rio Protocol<\/a> sought to formalize the boundary between those two countries. Peru and Ecuador would fight still two more wars over boundaries up to 1995.<\/p>\n The economic turbulence of the time acerbated social tensions in Peru and partly contributed to the rise of violent rebel rural insurgent movements, like Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path)<\/a> and MRTA<\/a>, which caused great havoc<\/a> throughout the country. Concerned about the economy, the increasing terrorist threat from Sendero Luminoso and MRTA, and allegations of official corruption, Alberto Fujimori<\/a> assumed presidency in 1990. Fujimori implemented drastic measures that caused inflation to drop from 7,650% in 1990 to 139% in 1991.<\/p>\n Faced with opposition to his reform efforts, Fujimori dissolved Congress in the auto-golpe (“self-coup”) of 5 April 1992. He then revised the constitution; called new congressional elections; and implemented substantial economic reform, including privatization of numerous state-owned companies, creation of an investment-friendly climate, and sound management of the economy. Fujimori’s administration was dogged by insurgent groups, most notably the Sendero Luminoso, who carried out terrorist campaigns across the country throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Fujimori cracked down on the insurgents and was successful in largely quelling them by the late 1990s, but the fight was marred by atrocities committed by both the Peruvian security forces and the insurgents: the Barrios Altos massacre<\/a> and La Cantuta<\/a> massacre by Government paramilitary groups, and the bombings of Tarata<\/a> and Frecuencia Latina<\/a> by Sendero Luminoso. Those incidents subsequently came to symbolize the human rights violations committed in the last years of violence.<\/p>\n In November 2000, Fujimori resigned from office and went into a self-imposed exile, avoiding prosecution for human rights violations and corruption charges by the new Peruvian authorities.<\/p>\n Since the end of the Fujimori regime, Peru has tried to fight corruption while sustaining economic growth. A caretaker government presided over by Valent\u00edn Paniagua<\/a> took on the responsibility of conducting new presidential and congressional elections. Afterwards Alejandro Toledo<\/a> became president in 2001 to 2006.<\/p>\n On 28 July 2006, former president Alan Garc\u00eda<\/a> became President of Peru after winning the 2006 elections. In May 2008, Peru became a member of the Union of South American Nations<\/a>. In April 2009, former president Alberto Fujimori was convicted<\/a> of human rights violations and sentenced to 25 years in prison for his role in killings and kidnappings by the Grupo Colina<\/a> death squad during his government’s battle against leftist guerrillas in the 1990s. On 5 June 2011, Ollanta Humala<\/a> was elected president. During his presidency, Prime Minister Ana Jara<\/a> and her cabinet were successfully censured, which was the first time in 50 years that a cabinet had been forced to resign from the Peruvian legislature. In 2016, Pedro Pablo Kuczynski<\/a> was elected, though his government was short lived as he resigned in 2018 amid various controversies surrounding his administration.<\/p>\n Vice president Mart\u00edn Vizcarra<\/a> then assumed office in March 2018 with generally favorable approval ratings. Alan Garc\u00eda was involved in the Operation Car Wash scandal and as police tried to arrest him, he committed suicide on 17 April 2019. Later that year, in July, police arrested Alejandro Toledo in California. Amid the crisis, on 30 September 2019, President Vizcarra dissolved the congress, and elections were held on 26 January 2020.<\/p>\n Peru is located on the central western coast of South America facing the Pacific Ocean. It lies wholly in the Southern Hemisphere and covers 1,285,216 km2 (496,225 sq mi) of western South America. It borders Ecuador<\/a> and Colombia<\/a> to the north, Brazil<\/a> to the east, Bolivia<\/a> to the southeast, Chile<\/a> to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. The Andes mountains<\/a> run parallel to the Pacific Ocean; they define the three regions traditionally used to describe the country geographically.<\/p>\n The costa (coast), to the west, is a narrow plain, largely arid except for valleys created by seasonal rivers. The sierra (highlands) is the region of the Andes; it includes the Altiplano plateau as well as the highest peak of the country, the 6,768 m (22,205 ft) Huascar\u00e1n<\/a>. The third region is the selva (jungle), a wide expanse of flat terrain covered by the Amazon rainforest that extends east. Almost 60 percent of the country’s area is located within this region.<\/p>\n Most Peruvian rivers originate in the peaks of the Andes and drain into one of three basins. Those that drain toward the Pacific Ocean are steep and short, flowing only intermittently. Tributaries of the Amazon River<\/a> have a much larger flow, and are longer and less steep once they exit the sierra. Rivers that drain into Lake Titicaca are generally short and have a large flow. Peru’s longest rivers are the Ucayali<\/a>, the Mara\u00f1\u00f3n<\/a>, the Putumayo<\/a>, the Yavar\u00ed<\/a>, the Huallaga<\/a>, the Urubamba<\/a>, the Mantaro<\/a>, and the Amazon.<\/p>\n The largest lake in Peru, Lake Titicaca between Peru and Bolivia high in the Andes, is also the largest of South America. The largest reservoirs, all in the coastal region of Peru, are the Poechos<\/a>, Tinajones, San Lorenzo, and El Fraile reservoirs.<\/p>\n Historically, the country’s economic performance has been tied to exports, which provide hard currency to finance imports and external debt payments. Although they have provided substantial revenue, self-sustained growth and a more egalitarian distribution of income have proven elusive. According to 2015 data, 19.3% of its total population is poor, including 9% that lives in extreme poverty.<\/p>\n Services account for 53% of Peruvian gross domestic product, followed by manufacturing (22.3%), extractive industries (15%), and taxes (9.7%). Recent economic growth has been fueled by macroeconomic stability, improved terms of trade, and rising investment and consumption. Trade is expected to increase further after the implementation of a free trade agreement with the United States signed on 12 April 2006. Peru’s main exports are copper, gold, zinc, textiles, and fish meal; its major trade partners are the United States, China, Brazil, and Chile.<\/p>\n There are two unconnected principal railways in Peru.<\/p>\n The Ferrocarril Central Andino<\/a> (FCCA; the former Ferrocarril Central del Per\u00fa) runs inland from Callao<\/a> and Lima<\/a> across the Andes watershed to La Oroya<\/a> and Huancayo<\/a>.<\/p>\n The Ferrocarriles del Sur del Per\u00fa (FCS), now operated by PeruRail<\/a>, runs from the coast at Matarani<\/a> to Cuzco<\/a>, and to Puno<\/a> on Lake Titicaca<\/a>. From Cuzco, PeruRail runs the 914 mm (3 ft) gauge line to Aguas Calientes<\/a> for Machu Picchu<\/a>.<\/p>\n Lima has a metro service or Lima Metro<\/a>, also called Tren el\u00e9ctrico that has now only one line (called Linea 1). The line has an extension of 34.6 km. with 26 stations, and goes from the south east to north east Lima urban districts passing downtown (This is Villa El Salvador to San Juan de Lurigancho). The second line (called Linea 2) is now under construction and will run from the port of Callao to Ate passing downtown too (west to east).<\/p>\n Huancayo Metro<\/a> is the second urban rail line in Peru, is located in the Andean city of Huancayo and is currently under construction (2012).<\/p>\n The Pan American Highway runs the country from north to south next to the coast, from Tumbes (Ecuadoran border) to Tacna (Chilean border). From Arequipa a branch goes to Puno and then to Bolivia. Other important highways are the Longitudinal de la Sierra, that goes from north to south in the highlands; and the Carretera Central, that goes from Lima (in the coast) to Pucallpa (in the jungle).<\/p>\n Inter-city travel in Peru is almost exclusively done in long distance buses. Buses in most of the cities depart from bus terminals called terminal terrestre. The main bus companies which link Lima with the major cities include Cruz del Sur and Orme\u00f1o. Other companies are Civa, Eucatur, Caranama, Mono Express and Alvan.<\/p>\n There are river boat service from Yurimaguas<\/a> and Pucallpa<\/a> to Iquitos<\/a>, and from there to the Brazilian border in the Amazon river. Touristic boats can be reached at Puno in the Lake Titicaca.<\/p>\n According to a 1999 estimate there are 234 airports in Peru. Jorge Chavez International Airport<\/a>, in Lima is Peru’s main national and international gateway, with an estimate of 98 percent of all international flights into Peru landing at this airport. Other important airports are located in Cusco<\/a>, Arequipa<\/a>, Iquitos<\/a> and Piura<\/a>.<\/p>\n International airlines connecting Peru with North America, Europe and other Latin American countries include: Delta Air Lines<\/a>, American Airlines<\/a>, United Airlines<\/a>, Air Canada<\/a>, Iberia<\/a>, Air France<\/a>, KLM<\/a>, LATAM Airlines<\/a>, Avianca<\/a>, AeroMexico<\/a>, and British Airways.<\/a><\/p>\n Airlines in Peru with domestic service in Peru include LAN Peru<\/a>, Star Peru<\/a>, Peruvian Airlines<\/a>, and LC Per\u00fa<\/a>. Charter and Cargo airlines include ATSA, Andes Air<\/a> and Cielos Airlines<\/a>. Former Peruvian airlines include Aero Continente, AeroPer\u00fa<\/a> and Faucett<\/a>.<\/p>\n The flag of Peru was adopted by the government of Peru in 1824, and modified in 1950. According to the article 49 of the Constitution of Peru, it is a vertical triband with red outer bands and a single white middle band. Depending on its use, it may be defaced with different emblems, and has different names. Flag day in Peru is celebrated on 7 June, the anniversary of the Battle of Arica.<\/a><\/p>\n Red represents the blood that was spilled for the fight. White represents Purity and Peace.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" The flag of Peru was adopted by the government of Peru in 1824, and modified in 1950. According to the article 49 of the Constitution of Peru, it is a vertical triband with red outer bands and a single white middle band. Depending on its use, it may be defaced with different emblems, and has different names. Flag day in Peru is celebrated on 7 June, the anniversary of the Battle of Arica.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8489,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"default","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[59,5,6,7,30,18,28,60],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8068"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8068"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8068\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8489"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8068"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8068"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8068"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}<\/a>History:<\/h2>\n
Prehistory and Pre-Columbian Peru:<\/h3>\n
<\/a><\/a><\/a><\/a>Conquest and Colonial Period:<\/h3>\n
<\/a>Independence:<\/h3>\n
<\/a>19th Century:<\/h3>\n
<\/a><\/a>20th Century:<\/h3>\n
<\/a><\/a><\/a>21st Century:<\/h3>\n
<\/a>Geography:<\/h2>\n
<\/a>Economy:<\/h2>\n
<\/a>Transportation:<\/h2>\n
<\/a><\/a><\/a>Flag of Peru:<\/h2>\n
<\/a>