![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/10\/Somalia-on-the-Globe-300x300.png\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>In antiquity, Somalia was an important commercial center. It is among the most probable locations of the fabled ancient Land of Punt<\/a>. During the Middle Ages, several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade, including the Ajuran Sultanate<\/a>, the Adal Sultanate<\/a>, and the Sultanate of the Geledi.<\/a><\/p>\n In the late 19th century, the Somali Sultanates<\/a> were colonized by Italy<\/a>, Britain<\/a> and Ethiopia<\/a>. European colonists merged the tribal territories into two colonies, which were Italian Somaliland<\/a> and the British Somaliland Protectorate<\/a>. Meanwhile, in the interior, the Dervishes lead by Mohammed Abdullah Hassan<\/a> engaged in a two-decade confrontation against Abyssinia, Italian Somaliland, and British Somaliland and were finally defeated in the 1920 Somaliland Campaign<\/a>. Italy acquired full control of the northeastern, central, and southern parts of the area after successfully waging the Campaign of the Sultanates against the ruling Majeerteen Sultanate<\/a> and Sultanate of Hobyo<\/a>. In 1960, the two territories united to form the independent Somali Republic<\/a> under a civilian government.<\/p>\n The Supreme Revolutionary Council<\/a> seized power in 1969 and established the Somali Democratic Republic<\/a>, which collapsed 22 years later, in 1991, with the onset of the Somali Civil War.<\/a> During this period most regions returned to customary and religious law. In the early 2000s, a number of interim federal administrations were created. The Transitional National Government (TNG)<\/a> was established in 2000, followed by the formation of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG)<\/a> in 2004, which reestablished the Somali Armed Forces<\/a>. In 2006, with a US backed Ethiopian intervention, the TFG assumed control of most of the nation’s southern conflict zones from the newly formed Islamic Courts Union (ICU)<\/a>. The ICU subsequently splintered into more radical groups, such as Al-Shabaab<\/a>, which battled the TFG and its AMISOM<\/a> allies for control of the region.<\/p>\n By mid-2012, the insurgents had lost most of the territory they had seized, and a search for more permanent democratic institutions began. A new provisional constitution was passed in August 2012, reforming Somalia as a federation. The same month, the Federal Government of Somalia<\/a> was formed and a period of reconstruction began in Mogadishu. Somalia has maintained an informal economy mainly based on livestock, remittances from Somalis working abroad, and telecommunications. It is a member of the United Nations<\/a>, the Arab League<\/a>, African Union<\/a>, Non-Aligned Movement<\/a>, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.<\/a><\/p>\n Somalia has been inhabited since at least the Paleolithic<\/a> period. During the Stone Age, the Doian and Hargeisan cultures flourished here.<\/p>\n According to linguists, the first Afroasiatic<\/a>-speaking populations arrived in the region during the ensuing Neolithic period from the family’s proposed urheimat (“original homeland”) in the Nile Valley, or the Near East.<\/p>\n The Laas Geel complex<\/a> on the outskirts of Hargeisa<\/a> in northwestern Somalia dates back approximately 5,000 years, and has rock art depicting both wild animals and decorated cows.<\/p>\n Ancient pyramidical structures, mausoleums, ruined cities and stone walls, such as the Wargaade Wall<\/a>, are evidence of an old civilization that once thrived in the Somali peninsula. This civilization enjoyed a trading relationship with ancient Egypt<\/a> and Mycenaean Greece<\/a> since the second millennium BCE, supporting the hypothesis that Somalia or adjacent regions were the location of the ancient Land of Punt.<\/a> The Puntites native to the region, traded myrrh<\/a>, spices, gold, ebony, short-horned cattle, ivory and frankincense<\/a> with the Egyptians, Phoenicians, Babylonians, Indians, Chinese and Romans through their commercial ports.<\/p>\n In the classical era, the Macrobians<\/a>, who may have been ancestral to Somalis, established a powerful tribal kingdom that ruled large parts of modern Somalia. They were reputed for their longevity and wealth, and were said to be the “tallest and handsomest of all men”.<\/p>\n Islam was introduced to the area early on by the first Muslims of Mecca fleeing prosecution during the first Hejira<\/a> with Masjid al-Qiblatayn<\/a> in Zeila<\/a> being built before the Qiblah<\/a> towards Mecca. It is one of the oldest mosques in Africa.<\/p>\n Throughout the middle ages Somalia was ruled by a series of Sultanates which developed and maintained trade throughout the known world.<\/p>\n In the early modern period, successor states to the Adal Sultanate and Ajuran Sultanate began to flourish in Somalia. They continued the tradition of castle-building and seaborne trade established by previous Somali empires.<\/p>\n In the late 19th century, after the Berlin Conference of 1884<\/a>, European powers began the Scramble for Africa. This was followed by a legal court Darawiish tariqa<\/a> being established in the year 1895, which according to Douglas Jardine, was primarily engaged in settling legal disputes. This early Darawiish court tariqa was also described as friendly to the British government<\/p>\n The Dervish movement successfully repulsed the British Empire four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region. The Darawiish defeated the Italian, British, Abbyssinian colonial powers on numerous occasions, most notably, the 1903 victory at Cagaarweyne. The Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920 by British airpower.<\/p>\n With the arrival of Governor Cesare Maria De Vecchi<\/a> on 15 December 1923, things began to change for that part of Somaliland known as Italian Somaliland. Italy had access to these areas under the successive protection treaties, but not direct rule.<\/p>\n A British force, including troops from several African countries, launched the campaign in January 1941<\/a> from Kenya to liberate British Somaliland and Italian-occupied Ethiopia and conquer Italian Somaliland. By February most of Italian Somaliland was captured and, in March, British Somaliland was retaken from the sea.<\/p>\n Following World War II, Britain retained control of both British Somaliland and Italian Somaliland as protectorates. In 1945, during the Potsdam Conference<\/a>, the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somaliland as the Trust Territory of Somaliland.<\/a><\/p>\n On 1 July 1960, the two territories united to form the Somali Republic, albeit within boundaries drawn up by Italy and Britain. A government was formed by Abdullahi Issa<\/a> and Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal<\/a> with other members of the trusteeship and protectorate governments, with Abdulcadir Muhammed Aden<\/a> as President of the Somali National Assembly, Aden Abdullah Osman Daar<\/a> as President of the Somali Republic, and Abdirashid Ali Shermarke<\/a> as Prime Minister (later to become president from 1967 to 1969).<\/p>\n On 15 October 1969, while paying a visit to the northern town of Las Anod<\/a>, Somalia’s then President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was shot dead by one of his own bodyguards. His assassination was quickly followed by a military coup d’\u00e9tat on 21 October 1969, in which the Somali Army seized power without encountering armed opposition \u2014 essentially a bloodless takeover. The putsch was spearheaded by Major General Mohamed Siad Barre<\/a>, who at the time commanded the army.<\/p>\n The Supreme Revolutionary Council subsequently renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic, dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court, and suspended the constitution.<\/p>\n In July 1977, the Ogaden War<\/a> broke out after Barre’s government used a plea for national unity to justify an aggressive incorporation of the predominantly Somali-inhabited Ogaden<\/a> region of Ethiopia into a Pan-Somali Greater Somalia, along with the rich agricultural lands of south-eastern Ethiopia, infrastructure, and strategically important areas as far north as Djibouti. In the first week of the conflict, Somali armed forces took southern and central Ogaden and for most of the war, the Somali army scored continuous victories on the Ethiopian army and followed them as far as Sidamo<\/a>. By September 1977, Somalia controlled 90% of the Ogaden and captured strategic cities such as Jijiga<\/a> and put heavy pressure on Dire Dawa<\/a>, threatening the train route from the latter city to Djibouti. After the siege of Harar, a massive unprecedented Soviet intervention consisting of 20,000 Cuban forces and several thousand Soviet experts came to the aid of Ethiopia’s communist Derg<\/a> regime.<\/p>\n By 1978, the Somali troops were ultimately pushed out of the Ogaden. This shift in support by the Soviet Union motivated the Barre government to seek allies elsewhere. It eventually settled on the Soviets’ Cold War<\/a> arch-rival, the United States, which had been courting the Somali government for some time. All in all, Somalia’s initial friendship with the Soviet Union and later partnership with the United States enabled it to build the largest army in Africa.<\/p>\n The regime was weakened in the 1980s as the Cold War drew to a close and Somalia’s strategic importance was diminished. The government became increasingly authoritarian, and resistance movements, encouraged by Ethiopia, sprang up across the country, eventually leading to the Somali Civil War. Among the militia groups were the Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF)<\/a>, United Somali Congress (USC)<\/a>, Somali National Movement (SNM)<\/a> and the Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM)<\/a>, together with the non-violent political oppositions of the Somali Democratic Movement (SDM), the Somali Democratic Alliance (SDA) and the Somali Manifesto Group (SMG).<\/p>\n In 1991, the Barre administration was ousted by a coalition of clan-based opposition groups, backed by Ethiopia’s then-ruling Derg regime and Libya. Following a meeting of the Somali National Movement and northern clans’ elders, the northern former British portion of the country declared its independence as the Republic of Somaliland<\/a> in May 1991. Although de facto independent and relatively stable compared to the tumultuous south, it has not been recognized by any foreign government.<\/p>\n Many of the opposition groups subsequently began competing for influence in the power vacuum that followed the ouster of Barre’s regime. In the south, armed factions led by USC commanders General Mohamed Farah Aidid<\/a> and Ali Mahdi Mohamed<\/a>, in particular, clashed as each sought to exert authority over the capital. In 1991, a multi-phased international conference on Somalia was held in neighbouring Djibouti. Aidid boycotted the first meeting in protest.<\/p>\n Due to the legitimacy bestowed on Muhammad by the Djibouti conference, he was subsequently recognized by the international community as the new President of Somalia. He was not able to exert his authority beyond parts of the capital.<\/p>\n In the early 1990s, due to the protracted lack of a permanent central authority, Somalia began to be characterized as a “failed state”.<\/p>\n UN Security Council Resolution 733<\/a> and UN Security Council Resolution 746<\/a> led to the creation of UNOSOM I<\/a>, the first mission to provide humanitarian relief and help restore order in Somalia after the dissolution of its central government. United Nations Security Council Resolution 794<\/a> was unanimously passed on 3 December 1992, which approved a coalition of United Nations peacekeepers led by the United States. Forming the Unified Task Force (UNITAF), the alliance was tasked with assuring security until humanitarian efforts aimed at stabilizing the situation were transferred to the UN. Landing in 1993, the UN peacekeeping coalition started the two-year United Nations Operation in Somalia II (UNOSOM II)<\/a> primarily in the south. UNITAF’s original mandate was to use “all necessary means” to guarantee the delivery of humanitarian aid in accordance to Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter<\/a>, and is regarded as a success.<\/p>\n Aidid saw UNOSOM II as a threat to his power and in June 1993 his militia attacked Pakistan Army troops, attached to UNOSOM II, (see Somalia (March 1992 to February 1996)) in Mogadishu inflicting over 80 casualties. Fighting escalated until 19 American troops and more than 1,000 civilians and militia were killed in a raid in Mogadishu during October 1993<\/a>. The UN withdrew Operation United Shield<\/a> on 3 March 1995, having suffered significant casualties, and with the rule of government still not restored.<\/p>\n Under the auspices of the UN, AU, Arab League and IGAD, a series of additional national reconciliation conferences were subsequently held as part of the peace process.<\/p>\n The Transitional Federal Government (TFG) was the internationally recognized government of Somalia until 20 August 2012, when its tenure officially ended.<\/p>\n In 2006, the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), an Islamist organization, assumed control of much of the southern part of the country and promptly imposed Shari’a<\/a>. The Transitional Federal Government sought to reestablish its authority, and, with the assistance of Ethiopian troops, African Union peacekeepers and air support by the United States, managed to drive out the rival ICU and solidify its rule.<\/p>\n Following this defeat, the Islamic Courts Union splintered into several different factions. Some of the more radical elements, including Al-Shabaab<\/a>, regrouped to continue their insurgency against the TFG and oppose the Ethiopian military’s presence in Somalia. Throughout 2007 and 2008, Al-Shabaab scored military victories, seizing control of key towns and ports in both central and southern Somalia. At the end of 2008, the group had captured Baidoa but not Mogadishu. By January 2009, Al-Shabaab and other militias had managed to force the Ethiopian troops to retreat, leaving behind an under-equipped African Union peacekeeping force to assist the Transitional Federal Government’s troops.<\/p>\n Between 31 May and 9 June 2008, representatives of Somalia’s federal government and the moderate Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia (ARS) group of Islamist rebels participated in peace talks in Djibouti brokered by the former United Nations Special Envoy to Somalia, Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah<\/a>. The conference ended with a signed agreement calling for the withdrawal of Ethiopian troops in exchange for the cessation of armed confrontation.<\/p>\n With the help of a small team of African Union troops, the coalition government also began a counteroffensive in February 2009 to assume full control of the southern half of the country.<\/p>\n The Federal Government of Somalia<\/a>, the first permanent central government in the country since the start of the civil war, was later established in August 2012. In August 2014, the Somali government-led Operation Indian Ocean<\/a> was launched against insurgent-held pockets in the countryside. The war continued in 2017.<\/p>\n Somalia is bordered by Ethiopia<\/a> to the west, the Gulf of Aden<\/a> to the north, the Somali Sea and Guardafui Channel<\/a> to the east, and Kenya<\/a> to the southwest. With a land area of 637,657 square kilometers, Somalia’s terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands. Its coastline is more than 3,333 kilometers in length, the longest of mainland Africa. It has been described as being roughly shaped “like a tilted number seven”.<\/p>\n In the far north, the rugged east\u2013west ranges of the Ogo Mountains<\/a> lie at varying distances from the Gulf of Aden coast. Hot conditions prevail year-round, along with periodic monsoon winds and irregular rainfall. Geology suggests the presence of valuable mineral deposits. Somalia is separated from Seychelles<\/a> by the Somali Sea and is separated from Socotra<\/a> by the Guardafui Channel.<\/p>\n According to the CIA and the Central Bank of Somalia, despite experiencing civil unrest, Somalia has maintained a healthy informal economy, based mainly on livestock, remittance\/money transfer companies and telecommunications. Unlike the pre-civil war period when most services and the industrial sector were government-run, there has been substantial, albeit unmeasured, private investment in commercial activities; this has been largely financed by the Somali diaspora, and includes trade and marketing, money transfer services, transportation, communications, fishery equipment, airlines, telecommunications, education, health, construction and hotels.<\/p>\n Somalia’s economy consists of both traditional and modern production, with a gradual shift toward modern industrial techniques. Somalia has the largest population of camels in the world. According to the Central Bank of Somalia, about 80% of the population are nomadic or semi-nomadic pastoralists, who keep goats, sheep, camels and cattle. The nomads also gather resins and gums to supplement their income.<\/p>\n Agriculture is the most important economic sector of Somalia. It accounts for about 65% of the GDP and employs 65% of the workforce. Livestock contributes about 40% to GDP and more than 50% of export earnings. Other principal exports include fish, charcoal and bananas; sugar, sorghum and corn are products for the domestic market.<\/p>\n With the advantage of being located near the Arabian Peninsula, Somali traders have increasingly begun to challenge Australia’s traditional dominance over the Gulf Arab livestock and meat market, offering quality animals at very low prices. In response, Gulf Arab states have started to make strategic investments in the country, with Saudi Arabia building livestock export infrastructure and the United Arab Emirates purchasing large farmlands. Somalia is also a major world supplier of frankincense and myrrh.<\/p>\n The modest industrial sector, based on the processing of agricultural products, accounts for 10% of Somalia’s GDP.<\/p>\n Somalia’s network of roads is 22,100 km (13,700 mi) long. As of 2000, 2,608 km (1,621 mi) streets are paved and 19,492 km (12,112 mi) are unpaved. A 750 km (470 mi) highway connects major cities in the northern part of the country, such as Bosaso<\/a>, Galkayo<\/a> and Garowe<\/a>, with towns in the south.<\/p>\n Sixty-two airports across Somalia accommodate aerial transportation; seven of these have paved runways. Major airports in the nation include the Aden Adde International Airport<\/a> in Mogadishu, the Hargeisa International Airport<\/a> in Hargeisa, the Kismayo Airport<\/a> in Kismayo<\/a>, the Baidoa Airport<\/a> in Baidoa, and the Bender Qassim International Airport<\/a> in Bosaso.<\/p>\n Established in 1964, Somali Airlines<\/a> was the flag carrier of Somalia. It suspended operations during the civil war. The void created by the closure of Somali Airlines has since been filled by various Somali-owned private carriers. Over six of these private airline firms offer commercial flights to both domestic and international locations, including Daallo Airlines<\/a>, Jubba Airways<\/a>, African Express Airways<\/a>, East Africa 540, Central Air and Hajara.<\/p>\n Possessing the longest coastline on the continent, Somalia has several major seaports. Maritime transport facilities are found in the port cities of Mogadishu, Bosaso, Berbera<\/a>, Kismayo and Merca<\/a>.<\/p>\n The flag of Somalia was adopted on October 12, 1954 and was designed by Mohammed Awale Liban<\/a>. The flag was initially used within the Trust Territory of Somaliland<\/a> before being adopted by the short-lived State of Somaliland<\/a> and the Somali Republic<\/a>. It was originally conceived and serves as the ethnic flag for the Somali people.<\/p>\n As an ethnic flag, the five-pointed white Star of Unity in its center represents the areas where the Somali ethnic group has traditionally resided, namely Djibouti<\/a>, Somaliland<\/a> (former British protectorate), the Somali region<\/a> in Ethiopia<\/a>, the North Eastern Province in Kenya<\/a>, and Somalia<\/a> (Italian Somaliland). However, the flag does not represent all the Somali regions anymore, going from an ethnic flag to the national flag of Somalia only. It now officially denotes the sky as well as the Gulf of Aden<\/a>, Guardafui Channel<\/a> and the Somali Sea<\/a>, which flank the country.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" As an ethnic flag, the five-pointed white Star of Unity in its center represents the areas where the Somali ethnic group has traditionally resided, namely Djibouti, Somaliland (former British protectorate), the Somali region in Ethiopia, the North Eastern Province in Kenya, and Somalia (Italian Somaliland). However, the flag does not represent all the Somali regions anymore, going from an ethnic flag to the national flag of Somalia only. It now officially denotes the sky as well as the Gulf of Aden, Guardafui Channel and the Somali Sea, which flank the country.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9498,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"default","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[19,59,5,6,7,31,18,60],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8676"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8676"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8676\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/9498"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8676"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8676"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8676"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/10\/Views-of-Mogadishu-300x300.png\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>History:<\/h2>\n
Prehistory:<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/10\/Neolithic-Rock-Art-at-the-Laas-Geel-Complex-300x225.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Antiquity and Classical Era:<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/10\/Men-from-Punt-Carrying-Gifts-Tomb-of-Rekhmire-300x225.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Birth of Islam and the Middle Ages:<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/10\/Silk-Road-Routes-300x195.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Early Modern Era:<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/10\/Cesare-Maria-De-Vecchi-216x300.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Independence (1960\u20131969):<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/10\/Siad-Barre-201x300.png\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Somali Democratic Republic (1969\u20131991):<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/10\/Cuban-Troops-Fighting-Against-Somalia-in-Ethiopia-276x300.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Somalia Civil War:<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/10\/Somaliland-on-the-Globe-300x300.png\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Failed State Status and International Intervention:<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/10\/UNOSOM-in-Mogadishu-300x200.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Islamic Courts Union and Ethiopian Intervention:<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/10\/Somalia-December-2006-231x300.png\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Coalition Government:<\/h3>\n
Geography:<\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/10\/Topographic-Map-of-Somalia-247x300.png\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Economy:<\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/10\/Shoppers-in-Hamarwayne-Market-in-Mogadishu-300x200.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/10\/Somalia-Exports-Treemap-2017-300x300.png\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Transportation:<\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/10\/Road-Map-of-Somalia-217x300.gif\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/10\/Mogadishu-Airport-300x169.jpg\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>Flag of Somalia:<\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/7\/2021\/07\/Flag-of-Somalia-300x200.png\" "\\"\\"")
<\/a>