{"id":8904,"date":"2021-11-17T04:00:25","date_gmt":"2021-11-17T12:00:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/?p=8904"},"modified":"2021-11-17T12:23:38","modified_gmt":"2021-11-17T20:23:38","slug":"sudan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.smoketreemanor.com\/sudan\/","title":{"rendered":"Sudan"},"content":{"rendered":"
Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in\u00a0Northeast Africa<\/a>. It is bordered by\u00a0Egypt<\/a>\u00a0to the\u00a0north<\/a>,\u00a0Libya<\/a>\u00a0to the\u00a0northwest<\/a>,\u00a0Chad<\/a>\u00a0to the\u00a0west<\/a>, the\u00a0Central African Republic<\/a>\u00a0to the\u00a0southwest<\/a>,\u00a0South Sudan<\/a>\u00a0to the south,\u00a0Ethiopia<\/a>\u00a0to the\u00a0southeast<\/a>,\u00a0Eritrea<\/a>\u00a0to the east, and the\u00a0Red Sea<\/a>\u00a0to the northeast. Sudan has a population of 44.91 million people as of 2021<\/sup> and occupies 1,886,068 square kilometers (728,215 square miles), making it\u00a0Africa<\/a>‘s\u00a0third-largest country by area<\/a>\u00a0and also the third-largest by area in the\u00a0Arab league<\/a>. It was also the largest country by area in Africa and the Arab league until the\u00a0secession of South Sudan in 2011<\/a>,<\/sup>\u00a0since which both titles have been held by\u00a0Algeria<\/a>. Its\u00a0capital<\/a>\u00a0is\u00a0Khartoum<\/a>, while its largest city is\u00a0Omdurman<\/a>.<\/p>\n <\/a><\/p>\n Sudan’s history goes back to the\u00a0Pharaonic period<\/a>, witnessing the\u00a0Kingdom of Kerma<\/a>\u00a0(c.<\/abbr>\u00a02500\u20131500 BC), the subsequent rule of the\u00a0Egyptian New Kingdom<\/a>\u00a0(c.<\/abbr>\u00a01500 BC\u20131070 BC) and the rise of the\u00a0Kingdom of Kush<\/a>\u00a0(c.<\/abbr>\u00a0785 BC\u2013350 AD), which would in turn\u00a0control Egypt<\/a>\u00a0itself for nearly a century. After the fall of Kush, the\u00a0Nubians<\/a>\u00a0formed the three Christian kingdoms of\u00a0Nobatia<\/a>,\u00a0Makuria<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Alodia<\/a>, with the latter two lasting until around 1500. Between the 14th and 15th centuries, much of Sudan was settled by\u00a0Arab nomads<\/a>. From the 16th\u201319th centuries, central and eastern Sudan were dominated by the\u00a0Funj sultanate<\/a>, while\u00a0Darfur<\/a>\u00a0ruled the west and the\u00a0Ottomans<\/a>\u00a0the far north.<\/p>\n From the 19th century, the entirety of Sudan was conquered by Egypt under the\u00a0Muhammad Ali dynasty<\/a>. It was under Egyptian rule that Sudan acquired its modern borders, and began the process of political, agricultural, and economic development. In 1881, nationalist sentiment in Egypt led to the\u00a0Orabi Revolt<\/a>, weakening the power of the Egyptian monarchy, and eventually leading to the occupation of Egypt by the\u00a0United Kingdom<\/a>. At the same time, religious-nationalist fervor in Sudan erupted in the Mahdist Revolt<\/a>\u00a0led by the self-proclaimed\u00a0Mahdi<\/a>\u00a0Muhammad Ahmad<\/a>, resulting in the establishment of the rebel\u00a0Caliphate of Omdurman<\/a>.<\/p>\n The Mahdist forces were eventually defeated by a joint Egyptian-British military force, restoring the authority of the Egyptian monarch. However, Egyptian sovereignty in Sudan would henceforth be largely nominal, as the true power in both Egypt and Sudan was now the United Kingdom. In 1899, under British pressure, Egypt agreed to share sovereignty over Sudan with the United Kingdom as a\u00a0condominium<\/a>. In effect, Sudan was governed as a British possession.<\/sup>\u00a0The 20th century saw the growth of both Egyptian and Sudanese nationalism focusing on ending the United Kingdom’s occupation. The\u00a0Egyptian Revolution of 1952<\/a>\u00a0toppled the monarchy, and demanded the withdrawal of British forces from all of Egypt and Sudan.\u00a0Muhammad Naguib<\/a>, one of the two co-leaders of the revolution, and Egypt’s first President, who was half-Sudanese and raised in Sudan, made securing Sudanese independence a priority of the revolutionary government. The following year, under continuous Egyptian and Sudanese pressure, the United Kingdom agreed to Egypt’s demand for both governments to terminate their shared sovereignty over Sudan, and to grant Sudan independence. On 1 January 1956, Sudan was duly declared an independent state.<\/p>\n